The Greatest Heroes Of The War - 1511 Words

Born on June 20th of 1925 to a family of poor sharecroppers in small town Texas, Audie Leon Murphy had no idea he would soon be leaving for the deadliest war to ever plague the Earth. Fresh out of the horrors of the First World War, few would have thought that yet another, deadlier war was on the horizon. Even fewer would’ve thought that a farm boy from Texas would become one of the greatest heroes of the war. Audie Murphy was by all accounts a nobody. He and his family lived a quiet life, sticking to themselves and their farms. A young Murphy would simply help outside with the farm work, almost never wanting to be indoors. Once the war broke out, Murphy felt called to serve his country. He tried on several occasions to enlist in the Armed Forces underage as he was not of legal age to enlist. With the help of his sister, Corrine, he successfully enlisted in the military at the age of 17. He was given basic training, which he completed with ease. Audie Murphy’s first war experience was in North Africa during the Allied offensive to remove Axis forces from the top of Africa. North Africa was a very important strategic point for both forces. If the Allies were successful in their push for control, it would be a very important starting point for an invasion of Fascist Italy, and ultimately Nazi Germany. Murphy’s unit, however, saw no combat in North Africa due to the expulsion of Axis Forces from their final African foothold of Tunisia. Murphy was then sent to the island ofShow MoreRelatedLiterary Works Based On War And Heroism1003 Words   |  5 PagesKenyia Lepine Instructor Lovoy English 271 June 22, 2015 In reading The Iliad and Beowulf, one can conclude they are both literary works based on war and heroism. The hero in the Iliad is Achilles, who is from Greece and is the Archaen army’s greatest warrior in the battle of the Trojan war. Beowulf, a Geatish warrior has come to help the Danes in their long fight against Grendel, showing his heroism. Both characters Achilles and Beowulf share some similar traits such as their thirst for gloryRead MoreTheme Of The Iliad1318 Words   |  6 Pagesfound in the Iliad The Iliad is one of the greatest and earliest works of Greek literature beautifully written by Homer. The poem was set at the last year of the Trojan War prior the fall of Troy, that was indeed ten years long. Moreover, the focus of this poem is a conflict that rose among Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and commander-in-chief of the allied Greeks, and Achilles, the greatest warrior, rather than the events and battles that occurred in the Trojan War between the Greeks and Trojans. ThroughoutRead MoreA Hero Can Have a Flaw707 Words   |  3 PagesThese flaws give us a chance of becoming heroes ourselves. We are all humans and make mistakes, so their are no chances of a perfect hero. However, if a perfect hero does exist, his or her good qualities may become a flaw in a certain situation. Like a person who sees all good in people is naive and tended to be taken advantage of. So, it is incorrect to conclude that a hero can only be a hero if he or she is without a flaw. In addition, one of th e heroes major achievements are overcoming or tryingRead MoreEssay about Heroic Code in the Iliad and the Odyssey979 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially if this individual has risked or sacrificed his life. In the Iliad and the Odyssey, the code which administers the conduct of the Homeric heroes is a straightforward idea. The aim of every hero is to achieve honor. Throughout the Iliad and the Odyssey, different characters take on the role of a hero. Honor is essential to the Homeric heroes, so much that life would be meaningless without it. Thus, honor is more important than life itself. Throughout the Iliad, heroic characters makeRead MoreThe Iliad: Literary Analysis1552 Words   |  7 Pages Throughout The Iliad, an epic poem written by Homer, there were numerous warriors and other characters that could be looked upon as heroes; some of these heroes included Achilles, Ajax, Diomedes, Hector, and Glaucus. All of these individuals were heroes because of their remarkable mental and physical strength: they were courageous and were better fighters in war than other ordinary men. The trade of battle was a way of life to the Greeks back in Homer’s time. Children were raised to become greatRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Greatest Trojan Hero Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pages Achilles slaughtered the greatest Trojan hero, Hector and singlehandedly changed the tide of the battle. Achilles was a marvelous Greek hero, but his accomplishments were minor compared to his friend Odysseus. He also accrued glory and fame in the Trojan War but in addition went on to write history in an epic journey all across the Mediterranean to get home to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleo s than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. In the Greek’s eyes, kleos was the measure ofRead MoreAchilles, Agamemnon and Hektor, Three Great Heroes with Different Characteristics.1485 Words   |  6 PagesAchilles, Agamemnon and Hektor, three great heroes with different characteristics. In the center of ancient Greek history are the big heroes, Gods and Goddesses but one of the heroes described with mastery is Achilles the Greek hero who is not described with disdain like other Greek heroes but with more love. The wrath of Achilles and the death of Hector, the biggest hero amongst Trojans, are described with rare mastery and love for Achilles despite the fact that he commits a cruel deed by killingRead MoreSacrificee : Terry Foxs Display Of Sacrifice775 Words   |  4 PagesTerry Fox is a hero that sacrificed himself to achieve a greater goal. Terry Fox is a professional long-distance runner who lost his leg and eventually his life to cancer. Greek heroes such as Theseus help others by using their own courage and selflessness, and Patroclus sacrificed himself to rally the Greek army in the Trojan War. Terry Fox displays traits of selflessness and sacrifice in his achievements before and after death; these achievements are so great that the ancient Greeks would be p roud toRead MoreHeroes Are Not Born Heroes1259 Words   |  6 Pagesundergone great danger or difficulty† (Webster’s Pocket Dictionary, â€Å"hero 3†). Heroes are not born heroes. Yes, everyone is born with the ability to become a hero, but in time, they may or may not become one. In our society, heroes are greatly acclaimed in the media. Whenever some person takes a bullet for a loved one or save a child from a burning building, there is a huge deal made about it, and they become known as heroes. But a person does not have to physically save someone’s life to be a hero.Read MoreEssay about Meaning and Identity in Public Art560 Words   |  3 PagesMeaning and Identity in Public Art While visiting the Capitol Square, I felt like I had stepped back into an ancient Greek culture. From the colossal pillars supporting the building to the bronze statues of Greek goddesses among our war heroes it is easy to mistake the Capitol building for a Greek temple. I want to share with you what the architecture communicated to me, what the subject of the art was that I observed, and why the building was placed where it now stands. Anyone who

Psychology “working alliance” Free Essays

string(232) " loss such as death, separation and the termination of relationship of whichever kind as long as these relationships were vital to the psychological well-being of an individual are all considered similar or the same \(Jacobs et al\." The effectiveness of therapy in counselling is dependent substantially on two factors; namely, the patient’s cooperation, and the expertise of the therapist. Many experts in the field of Psychology have observed the significant contribution of the client to the over-all process. The individual’s perception of the therapist is extremely crucial to the ensuing treatment. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology â€Å"working alliance† or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without the needed initial positive perception of the therapist on the part of the one seeking treatment, the whole process will not generate a desired momentum that would set the entire scheme in a strategic stance. Of course, the expertise of the therapist is another major factor – actually, the other half – but it’s a given to the whole package of treatment (Borys and Hope, 1989). Since a â€Å"working alliance† has to be established first before the actual treatment is administered, there are important or vital considerations for this â€Å"working alliance† between client and therapist to occur, which can be influenced greatly by the occurrence of transference and counter-transference, and this is in precis, the intentions of this paper. This will be considered as part of the issues and challenges that therapists face as they practice their profession (Corey, 2004, p. 36-112). Discussion The past baggage of the client. From any vantage point, the level of trust by client on his therapist, whether that perception is based on attractiveness, trustworthiness or as someone who knows what he may be dealing with in terms of credentials, are valid, and is the utmost concern of the helping relationship. Trust in the part of the client is necessary for the healing process. However, because the full ramifications of the issue almost always hinge on the perceptions of the client, the problems and hindrances need to be addressed or at least cited for clarity and deliberation at the outset of the relationship (Corey, 2004, p. 36-145). As hinted above, the client may be bringing (emotional) baggage into their mutual involvement which may be due to prior engagements with other professionals in the therapeutic relations, whether positive or negative. Oftentimes, in many cases, these may be liaisons which were unsuccessful, distasteful or even traumatic for a few. The author pointed out that any form of future therapy will be affected due to these previous experiences, and it has to be dealt with right away at the outset (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). Defining transference and counter-transference It was a Freudian conception that catapulted â€Å"transference† into a much recognized terminology within the counseling practice. This was first observed when in the practice of psychotherapy, patients or clients developed strong emotionalities such as attachments and even fantasies that were not realistic. In greater sphere today, transference does not happen within psychotherapy but rather a common encounter by many. Closest to the term transference, is an illustration such that a person can be considered a biological time machine, when something is recalled based on certain situations or conversations that trigger the recollection and bring episodes and passions to the current reality. The elements of a person’s past needs in emotionality and psychological areas are transferred into the present. Furthermore, the feelings can be confusing as to the reasons of its appearance and oftentimes powerful enough an influencer of relationships and conduct of one’s affairs. Illustration 1. (Source: Dombeck, 2009) For most people, there is recognition of the presence of a triangle in the figure above; a recognition when in reality, no triangle is actually present. This optical illusion of a triangle exists due to prior exposure to a similar figure. The presence of a triangle is similar to transference experience wherein prior exposure to people and relationships bring many resulting experiences to the present even without much effort or strain (Dombeck, 2009). In therapeutic relationship, the understanding of the presence of transference in all of one’s relationships helps a practitioner to also provide the client insights into complications comprising transference (Corey, 2004). Actively evaluating these possibilities of the practitioner’s transference tendencies can help eliminate or reduce problems that hinder the therapeutic relationship. Hating a therapist or developing an infatuation are strong feelings that can be experienced by a client which are examples of transference. Therefore, it is within the context of the helping profession and it is legitimate for a therapist to search or evaluate together with the client what similar treatments he experienced before had he felt the same emotions. Self-awareness is an important aspect in emotional growth and/or maturity hence awareness of the therapist’s own tendencies is a fundamental ingredient in the practice. This must also be effectively conveyed to and understood by the client (Kitchener, 2000, p 45). Moreover, the occurrence of counter-transference in which the therapist develops attitudes and feelings (transference) towards his client can be real and more often counter productive. Dealing carefully with the issues that the therapist possesses are critical aspects of the profession. Only experts and those who intentionally had established ethical ways of dealing with patients or clients can better handle counter-transferences that occur (Welfel, 2005, p. 320). Bereavement, loss and termination Bereavement is loss of a loved one and any form of loss such as death, separation and the termination of relationship of whichever kind as long as these relationships were vital to the psychological well-being of an individual are all considered similar or the same (Jacobs et al. You read "Psychology â€Å"working alliance†" in category "Papers" , 2000). All these human experiences are common to one’s existence and unavoidable or inevitable in one’s lifetime. When a person experiences grief, he goes through a state of mourning and various upheavals in his emotions and psychological functioning arise. It can range from panic disorder, major depression, anxiety disorder or even PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorders) which may result to drug or alcohol use or the increase of the consumption of toxic and harmful substances (Jacobs et al. , 2000; Jacobs Prigerson, 2000, p. 23). Transference and issues of loss or termination The experience of grieving for loss can be possible also when a client has to terminate his or her therapeutic relationship. Prior experiences of loss such as death or separation like divorce can probably trigger similar emotions when the therapist finally says goodbye and closes the professional relationship with this client. This was true with a friend who had gone through therapy and for the long while attained a semblance of well-being because of the sessions. However, because this was already turning to a progressively successful helping relationship, her therapist slowly accented the possibilities of the need for terminating the therapy. This friend came home and started to experience similar to a panic disorder which she went through when her husband announced that he was divorcing her. Waves of anger and frustration, and mostly grief and loss and emptiness seemed to engulf her, threatening to overwhelm her again. This was a critical episode of her life which might unravel the strengths she had gained in the therapy (Jacobs Prigerson, 2000, p. 23). Therapist’s counter-transference on client’s issues of loss, bereavement or termination As mentioned, awareness of one’s issues must be a matter of choice and constant self-monitoring and evaluation since this can be critical to the client’s optimal functioning or recovery as well as the therapist’s own retention of psychological and physical well-being (Welfel, 2005, p. 235-355). Thus, issues of loss, bereavement or termination that once affected the therapist should also be dealt with and preparations in handling for potential occurrence are a must (Neimeyer, 2000). In my case, it is undeniably true that I have had occasions that a therapeutic relationship turned sour because of counter-transference. In the issue of termination though, another friend-client of mine went through grief counseling because of the death of her child whose demise was untimely in a sense. It was an accident of which she was also a witness. In the course of their helping relationship, this client-friend soon overcame her grief and loss and was restored to the normal day to day conduct of her affairs. Thus, there was time to say goodbye, and this client-friend turned to say goodbye to her therapist. Unbeknownst to her, the therapeutic relationship was already awakening deep issues within her therapist. There developed a counter-transference that though the therapist was trying to avoid and limit had already gone its course. Until the termination came to its final stage, this client-friend never knew of what was happening because her therapist never made her aware of the dilemma. I came to know about it because I knew both the therapist and the client as I was partly instrumental to their meeting. In short, the therapist had developed strong feelings of attachment to the client. She said that when termination came it was as if feelings of rejection came all over again reminiscent of the time when her former husband of several years told her that everything between them was a joke and that he was leaving her for someone else. The separation was sudden and quick and she said she was not allowed time to stall the relationship or even convince her husband to stay. Her loss was devastating and it was an issue for her of trust, denial of friendship and deep seated anger for the plain thought of someone important just leaving her for not enough convincing reasons. It was for this therapist a very irrational step to do to one who was faithful and true. Thus, though the situations were vastly different, there was the friendship that she caught her unawares and her reactions to the termination was something that surprised the therapist. Her issues on leaving and loss were critically revived at this point with her client. Probably, she was not critically aware of where the emotions will be aroused that triggers the counter-transference or that she let her guard down. Whichever, the important thing is that the therapist reassesses her vulnerability and must again provide ways that will enable her to handle her relationships better in the future (Kitchener, 2000; Welfel, 2005). Conclusion 2. The fitness of the therapist By fitness, we mean sufficient, wide-ranging exposure, and right training to the kind of illness/es or disorder/s that he may be dealing. Even with years spent in the academe will not guarantee the development of skills in handling such complex and true-to-life situations or scenarios. At times, the theoretic skills acquired, instead of enabling the new therapist, may deter or hamper the process. This means to say that the therapist must possess more than head-knowledge; he should not allow his schooling to affect him to the extent that it made him conceited with no room for more learning especially when additional knowledge are available in the patient himself. He must also have the sensitivity to employ his gut-feeling to at times, direct the course of the therapy (Davison et al. , 2000). Therapeutic relationships are almost always exhausting, but it will be an undesirable experience for the alliance partners when just one of them becomes disinterested, hence as Luborsky pressed that â€Å"reciprocity† must be established, cultivated or maintained until the relationship is terminated, hopefully because the client is well (Horvath Luborsky, 1993, p. 4). Bibliography 1. Borys, D. S. Pope, K. S. (1989). Dual relationships between therapist and client: A national study of psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20(5), 283-293. 2. Corey, Gerald (2004). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. Thomson Learning, USA. 3. Davison, Gerald C. and John M. Neale (2001). Abnormal Psychology. Eighth ed. John Wiley Sons, Inc. 4. Dombeck, Mark (2009). Transference. Accessed June 2, 2009 at http://www. mentalhelp. net/poc/view_doc. php? type=docid=8253 5. Kitchener, K. S. (2000). Foundations of ethical practice, research, and teaching in psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 6. Horvath, Adam O. , Lester Luborsky (1993). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol. 61, No. 4,561-573 Copyright 1993 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0022-006X/93/S3. 00 7. Jacobs S Prigerson H. (2000) . Psychotherapy of traumatic grief: a review of evidence for psychotherapeutic treatments. Death Studies, 24, 479-495. 8. Jacobs, Shelby, Carolyn Mazure, and Holly Prigerson (2000) â€Å"Diagnostic Criteria for Traumatic Grief. † Death Studies 24 185–199. 9. Neimeyer R. (2000). Searching for the meaning of meanings: grief therapy and the process of reconstruction. Death Studies,24:531-558. 10. Welfel, Elizabeth R (2005). Ethics in Counseling and Psychotherapy: Standards, Research, and Emerging Issues: Wadsworth Publishing How to cite Psychology â€Å"working alliance†, Papers

Influenza Assignment Essay Sample free essay sample

1. At the bend of the century. the United States encountered one of the most deathly pandemics the universe has of all time known – the Spanish grippe. The grippe. caused by H1N1 virus. claimed the lives of 675. 000 Americans during World War I. About forty old ages subsequently. in 1957. another pandemics caused by H2N2 killed about 70. 000 Americans. The virus. which contained cistrons from human and avian grippe. was foremost identified in China so rapidly distribute to other parts of the universe. In 1968. an eruption of H3N2 virus ( which besides was the consequence of homo and avian grippe cistrons ) occurred and caused 34. 000 deceases among Americans. The most recent happening of grippe viruses was what called the â€Å"Swine Flu. † The Swine Flu was caused by a new strain of H1N1 virus and had it outbreak merely last twelvemonth in 2009. 2. For my assignment. I have to take three out of five people to give inoculations or rhinal spray to because of the limited resource. My pick. after holding done the research. would be: 1. Bogey Phlegmenstein – the 50 year-old druggist for the vaccinum. 2. Helen Hornblower – the 72 year-old grandma for the vaccinum. and 3. Lars Loogenkugel – the 19 year-old college pupil for the rhinal mist grippe shooting. I choose Lars for the rhinal mist grippe shooting. Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control ( CDC ) and Prevention. nasal spray should merely be given to healthy people age 2-49 and non pregnant. Since Lars is the lone individual within the sanctioned age and is non pregnant. he seems to be the lone pick! The other people in the group all seem to be at equal hazard of catching the grippe. nevertheless. I choose Bogey and Helen to give the vaccinums to because there are more grounds for me to make so. Helen is at hazard because foremost. she’s an aged – the group of people that is at high hazard of catching grippe. harmonizing to CDC. Second. Helen’sgrandchildren are immature ( 3. 5 and 8 old ages of age ) and they visit her really frequently. Her eldest grandchild has asthma which. harmonizing to the Government Medicare’s web site. places her at more hazard of catching the grippe if her grandmother has it. Last. I choose to give Helen the shooting because here she can acquire it for free. Helen’s regular medicines already cost her batch of money because her Medicare does non cover it for her. Following. I choose Bogey because he has three hazard factors. First. he’s in the age group that is more prone to acquiring ill from grippe ( people age 50 and over. harmonizing to CDC ) . He besides has a history of holding secondary bronchitis and pneumonia which. harmonizing to the Government Medicare’s web site. topographic point him â€Å"at higher hazard for holding medical complications from grippe and should have the grippe shooting. † Last. Bogey works at a pharmaceutics. where he is exposed to vomit people that semen and acquire their medical specialties. That increases his hazard of acquiring the grippe. I do non take Nadia – the pregnant adult female because even though she is in one of the groups that have high hazard of acquiring grippe. she has ever been healthy. Her workplace seems safer than Bogey’s and her hubby ( who is the lone individual she interacts with at place ) has systematically had inoculations. Besides. even though Nadia babysits her sister’s 2 year-old twins. it merely happens on occasion so the childs are non at high hazard of holding the grippe if their aunt has it. I besides do non take Marian. the 18 month-old babe who is besides in one of the groups that face high hazard of holding grippe ( kids younger than 2 old ages old. harmonizing to CDC ) . Her health professional ( which is her ma ) works at a long-run attention installation. which places her at high hazard but fortunately. Marian’s ma has already been vaccinated. It reduces the hazard of the ma acquiring ill and passes it to her babe. ConsumerReports. Org besides advises that â€Å"If your kid has had three or more ear infections in one winter. you might desire to inquire your physician about acquiring a flu vaccinum. † Marian has had ear infections twice in the past 8 months and that possibly something to take into concern. I would rede the ma to take her to a physician foremost earlier giving her any flu shootings. 3. There are many bar patterns one can take to forestall themselves from acquiring the grippe. These patterns. suggested by the Student Health Service of the University of Pennsylvania. include: 1. Wash custodies. Make it frequently because most cold and flu viruses travel through custodies. The best one to halt the spread is rinsing custodies often and avoiding direct contact with beginnings of sources. 2. Drink plentifulness of fluids. The ground is because H2O helps blushing your systems and extinguishing toxicants from your organic structure. An mean grownup needs about eight 8-ounce spectacless of fluids each twenty-four hours. 3. Eat nutrients incorporating phytochemicals. â€Å"Phyto† means workss and the natural chemicals in workss give you a batch of vitamins needed when contending grippe. Colorful veggies ( particularly dark green. ruddy and xanthous 1s ) are great beginnings of vitamins. Therefore. alternatively of taking vitamin pills. you should eat more veggies. 4. Make aerobic exercises exert on a regular basis. Exerting gives you and more healthy and effectual bosom. It besides helps increase natural virus-killing cells in the organic structure. 5. Don ’t smoke or imbibe. These bad wonts weaken your immune system and you will be more likely to catch a grippe than those who don’t fume or drink. 4. Even though I do non give Nadia and Marian the flu shootings. I will still rede them to seek the inoculations elsewhere. For Nadia’s fright of acquiring Guillian Barre Syndrome. I will cite Flu. Gov’s Fact Sheet about Guillian Syndrome. â€Å"Except for the swine grippe vaccinum used in 1976. no other grippe vaccinums have been clearly linked to GBS. † The vaccinum Nadia’s uncle had is really different from the one being used right now so there is small demand for her to be worried. However. if Nadia does acquire ill. what she should make is remain place. bound contacts with others and imbibe plentifulness of fluids. If Nadia start to develop febrility. she should handle it right off with Datril ( Tylenol ® ) . which is â€Å"the best nonprescription intervention of febrility in pregnancy† harmonizing to Flu. Gov. For Marian. I. as holding said. would rede her ma to take her to the physician foremost so her status is checked. After that. if the babe is healthy. I would urge a grippe shooting for her. As for the ma. who is the chief health professional of Marian. I would teach her to ever rinse her custodies before fixing nutrient for her kid. If she does acquire ill with the grippe. what she should make is minimise contacts with the babe. Besides. she should set on a â€Å"surgical mask† ( available at apothecarys shops ) â€Å"before prosecuting in any activity within 3-6 pess of [ the ] baby. † ( as advised by CDC ) . Beside the two people who do non acquire the shooting. I would besides rede Bogey – the druggist – to acquire a erstwhile inoculation for pneumococcal pneumonia to forestall him from being ill with it once more ( harmonizing to Government Medicare ) . Part II Question 4: A cytokine storm means an addition in the figure of antibodies that exceed the demand of the organic structure and cause injury to it. In an influenza infection. cytokine happens when the organic structure overreacts to the infective micro-organism and sends out excessively many antibodies that alternatively of killing it. the overpowering antibodies cause the variety meats to malfunction and do more injury to the organic structure than the micro-organism really does. Question 3: Antigenic impetuss are little alterations in the virus that happen every twelvemonth and are predictable. It produces new virus strains that the immune system may non acknowledge. That is why flu vaccinum are updated every twelvemonth in order to accommodate with the new strains of virus and people will hold to acquire a grippe shooting every twelvemonth if they want to be protected. Question 4: Antigenic displacements are major alterations in the virus that are non predictable. It produces new and unsafe virus strains that the naive population are non prepared for. therefore consequence in speedy spreads and pandemics. Mortality rate that consequences from antigenic displacements can be high. Question 8: Edward Jenner was a British doctor born in May 1796. who conducted experiments to understand why dairymaids didn’t acquire little syphilis. Jenner scraped cowpox sores. grounded them and turned them into a liquid solution that can be injected in people’s tegument. By making so. he invented the fist vaccinum of all time that helped forestall variola. His work is the foundation of immunology. Question 10: Symptoms of the cold normally include sneezing. sore pharynx. little achings. choping cough. stuffy nose and mild to chair chest uncomfortableness. Flu symptoms are normally more terrible. They normally include febrility. concern. achings and strivings. weariness or utmost exhaustion. chest uncomfortableness and coughing can be terrible. Mentions â€Å"12 Important Tips to Prevent Cold and Flu Infection. † University of Pennsylvania – Office of Heath Education. Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. vpul. upenn. edu/ohe/library/cold/prevent. htm â€Å"Vaccines and How They Work. † ( 3 December 2009 ) . ConsumerReports. Org. Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. consumerreports. org/health/conditions-and-treatments/ear-infection/what-is-it/vaccines-and-how-they-work. htm â€Å"Fight Flu and Pneumonia. † ( 18 March 2010 ) . The Official U. S. Government Site for Medicare. Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Medicare. gov/health/fludetails. asp â€Å"Fact Sheet: Guillain-Barre Syndrome ( GBS ) . † ( 15 December 2009 ) . Flu. Gov. Accessed 23 October 2010 fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www. grippe. gov/individualfamily/vaccination/vsafety/gbs_factsheet. hypertext markup language â€Å"What Pregnant Women Should Know About Flu. † Flu. Gov. Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. grippe. gov/individualfamily/parents/pregnant/index. hypertext markup language â€Å"Protecting Against Influenza ( Flu ) : Advice for Caregivers of Children Less Than 6 Months Old. † ( 1 July 2009 ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/flu/protect/infantcare. htm â€Å"Key Facts about Seasonal Flu Vaccine. † ( 7 October 2010 ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) . Accessed 23 October 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/flu/protect/keyfacts. htm

List of Job Search Resources for College Students

image source: flazingoBefore you can land your ideal post-college job, you need to do some serious work. The job hunt is a trying, emotional, challenging, and time-consuming process. But don’t fret; we can help.Here is your all inclusive job search guide. We’ll tell you everything you need to know about the process.Best Blogs for College Students during the Job SearchYou might be relieved that your college career is finally coming to a close. However, the education portion of your life is never-ending. While you are job searching, you’ll want to follow the tips and suggestions of people who have been-there and done-that. Check out†¦Lindsey Pollak – A millennial workplace expert, Lindsey is an author, corporate consultant, keynote speaker and career expert. Follow her blog and get tips on just about every aspect of the job hunt.Fast Company – One of the most important aspects of the interview process is showing you are knowledgeable and w ell-versed on a variety of topics. Fast Company can help you educate you on everything from economics and business innovations to technology and design.Office Politics – Once you land the job, you’ll need to know how to play nicely with your co-workers. Learn from the mistakes of others and avoid the office drama!Job Market Blog at New York Times – Not only does the Job Market page of the New York Times help you hunt for jobs, it also offers valuable tips, tricks, and office-place insight. Read up!Using Social Media as a Job Search ToolUp until now, you’ve probably used social media as a way to stay connected with family and friends. As a college graduate, it is time to switch gears. Now, your social media profiles are all about job prospecting.First, you must heed a word of warning. Read this article: 6 Reasons Social Media Got People Fired. Don’t lose your first job before it begins!Now, let’s break it down into specific social netw orks.LinkedInJordan Friedman, a student at Emory University, shared tips from his personal experience with Huffington Post. Read his thoughts here: Job Networking Through Social Media: The Advantages of LinkedIn for College StudentsThe LinkedIn blog also shared exciting news: Introducing LinkedIn Student Job Portal: Helping recent graduates find jobs easilyFacebookFacebook is about more than sharing pictures from last night’s frat party. The network also has great tools for networking and career advancement. How to Use Facebook’s Graph Search to Supercharge Your Professional Network has more tips.If you want even more tips on using Facebook for job searching, check out this article: 5 Ways to Use Facebook to Get HiredTwitterThis article, 20 Twitter Resources for Job Hunters, is jam-packed with useful tips. It includes links to organizations publicizing job postings, people offering career advice, influencers and advisors, and more.How to Write a ResumeWhile you are editing, purging and beefing up your social profiles, you also need to start working on your resume.Most college students have very little career experience. That can leave your resume feeling a little flat. Here are some articles that will help your resume shine.How to Write a Resume When Youre Just Out of CollegeFive Resume Tips for College StudentsIf those aren’t helpful enough, here is something quite unique: The Damn Good Resume Guide. This fill-in-the-blank guide is a resume workbook for college students and recent grads. It includes ten easy steps for writing a G-R-R-REAT resume (their words, not ours!).Finding the Perfect JobOnce you start looking for jobs, you’ll quickly become overwhelmed by the amount of job boards available.Some of the most popular include:Glass DoorNational Labor ExchangeMonsterCareer BuilderIf you think freelancing is the way to go, you can check these 17 Job Boards for Freelancers. If you studied well and wrote college papers by your self (surprise, surprise!), you have the opportunity to try yourself as a researcher or a writer/editor for a college paper writing service. This is how Ive got my first job actually.As we mentioned before, social media is a great resource for job hunters. To take that idea one step further, there are several websites that help turn Twitter into a job board.Tweet My Jobs – After entering a bit of information regarding your ideal job, Tweet My Jobs will send you personalized job listings.If you are still in college, looking for a part-time job, you’ll want to check out Snag a Job. This site is also good for finding a temporary job for the summer to hold you over until something â€Å"better† comes along.In addition to the major job boards, you’ll definitely need to check out the sites specifically designed with the college student in mind. These job boards feature opportunities that are perfect for entry-level positions.Career RookieCollege RecruiterAft er CollegeBrightPrepping for the InterviewOnce you’ve gone through all the trouble of searching and applying for a job, you’ll want to be extra certain the interview process goes as smoothly as possible. Here are some tips for navigating your first post-college job interview.First, you’ll need to mentally prepare yourself for the process. Here’s how: 14 Tips For Staying Calm During A Job Interview.Andy Chan, the Vice President for Personal Career Development at Wake Forest University shares his tips in an article titled Top 10 Interview Tips for New College Graduates.In addition to knowing what you should do, you’ll also want to know what you shouldn’t do: Common Interviewing Mistakes College Students Make.Don’t worry, we won’t leave you hanging. If you do commit one of those blunders, there are ways to save-face. Read this article: How to Overcome 6 Interview Screw-UpsHow you look is nearly as important as what you say du ring the interview process. Here are some great articles that will help ensure your appearance is as impressive as your resume:How To Dress For Your Next Job InterviewThe Best And Worst Colors To Wear To A Job InterviewThe Final StepUltimately, the job search process leads up to one thing – a job! Here are some end-of-the-road things to consider.Sometimes, the job search starts before graduation. If you are a college student who is looking for a job while classes are still in session, here are 10 Resume-Boosting College Jobs to consider. Not only will these look good on your resume, they are usually pretty flexible with scheduling.When it is all said and done, you’ll want to follow the steps outlined in this article: How to Accept a Job Offer for a College Graduate.Landing the ideal employment opportunity might seem like a job in and of itself! Hopefully, these resources will make the process more bearable – and fruitful!Do you have any resources we left of f the list? Let us know!

Aqueous Solution Essays

Aqueous Solution Essays Aqueous Solution Essay Aqueous Solution Essay Reacties van stoffen opgelost in H2O H.4 Chemistry: Chemical reactions in Aqueous Solution De volgende onderwerpen komen aan soma in dot hoofdstuk: * Elektrolyten * Netto Ion-vergelijkingen * Soorten reacties o Neerslag reacties o Zuur-base reacties o Redox reacties  · Elektrolyten: Als suiker ( Sucrose ) oplost, kun je daar de volgende moleculevergelijking voor opstellen: C12H22O11 ( s ) a C12H22O11 ( aq ) Als keukenzout oplost zie de vergelijking er ALSs volgt uit: NaCl ( s ) a Na+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) Het verschil is uiteraard, dat keukenzout splitst in de ionen Na+ en Cl- en digital audiotape saccharose ALSs geheel molecuul oplost. NaCl is een elektrolyt nut C12H22O11 is een non-elektrolyt. Een elektrolyt is een stof dice bij het oplossen splitst in ionen. Een non- elektrolyt is een stof dice oplost ALSs geheel molecuul. De meeste reacties zijn evenwichtsreacties. Het evenwicht ligt vaak heel erg ver naar een Kant. Twee voorbeelden hiervan: KCl ( aq ) K+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) 2 % 98 % CH3CO2H ( aq ) H+ ( aq ) + CH3CO2- ( aq ) 99 % 1 % Bij CH3CO2H ligt heated evenwicht zeer ver naar de kant van de stof opgelost ALSs geheel, maar hij kan wel opsplitsen in ionen. CH3CO2H is een zwakke elektrolyt. Bij KCl ligt heated evenwicht juist heel sterk de andere kant op, naar dice new wave de ionen. KCl is dus een zwakke elektrolyt. Een stof dice bij het oplossen ( bijna ) helemaal splitst in ionen is een sterke elektrolyt. Een stof dice bij het oplossen maar een klein beetje splitst in ionen is een zwakke elektrolyt.  · Netto ionvergelijkingen Wat een moleculevergelijking is, is bekend: . Pb ( NO3 ) 2 ( aq ) + 2 KI ( aq ) a 2 KNO3 ( aq ) + PbI2 ( s ) In deze vergelijking zie je digital audiotape twee opgeloste stoffen worden samengevoegd en twee nieuwe stoffen vormen, een vaste en een opgeloste stof. De stoffen dice opgelost zijn, zijn echter allemaal sterke elektrolyten en zijn dus gesplitst in ionen. Dit kunnen we weergeven met een ionvergelijking: Pb2+ ( aq ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) + 2 K+ ( aq ) + 2 I- ( aq ) a 2 K+ ( aq ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) + PbI2 ( s ) Een aantal new wave de ionen vind je zowel links ALSs rechts van de pijl. Deze kun je, net ALSs in een wiskundige vergelijking, tegenover elkaar wegstrepen. Wat je dan overhoud is de netto ionvergelijking: Pb2+ ( aq ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) + 2 K+ ( aq ) + 2 I- ( aq ) a 2 K+ ( aq ) + 2 NO3- ( aq ) + PbI2 ( s ) Pb2+ ( aq ) + 2 I- ( aq ) a PbI2 ( s ) In deze netto ionvergelijking vind je alleen de stoffen die daadwerkelijk aan de reactie deelnemen. Een ionvergelijking is een moleculevergelijking, maar dan zijn alle opgeloste elektrolyten ALSs afzonderlijke ionen opgeschreven. Een netto ionvergelijking is een ionvergelijking, waarin de ionen die niet aan de werkelijke reactie deelnemen zijn weggelaten aan beide kanten van de pijl.  · Neerslagreacties Het voorbeeld wat gebruikt is bij heated uitleggen new wave de netto ionvergelijking is een voorbeeld new wave een neerslagreactie. Er worden meerdere opgeloste stoffen samengevoegd, waarna er uit enkele new wave deze opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof ontstaat. Deze vaste stof wordt zichtbaar in de vloeistof en heet de neerslag. * Kobaltchloride en Natronloog ( YouTube: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.youtube.com/watch? v=k1xwIu0UGiE ) O CoCl2 ( aq ) + 2 NaOH ( aq ) a 2 NaCl ( aq ) + Co ( OH ) 2 ( s ) o Netto: Co2+ ( aq ) + 2 OH- ( aq ) a Co ( OH ) 2 ( s ) In heated filmpje is duidelijk te zien day of the month R een soort groene wolk ontstaat. Dit is de neerslag, welke wordt gevormd omdat Co ( OH ) 2 slecht oplosbaar is en dus een vaste stof wordt. Of Er een neerslagreactie plaatsvindt is dus afhankelijk new wave hoe goed stoffen oplossen. Wanneer is de oplosbaarheid van een stof goed en wanneer is deze slecht? * Oplosbaarheid new wave stoffen is goed ALSs de stof deze cationen bevat: o Groep 1A ( Li+ , Na+ , K+ , Cs+ ) o Ammonium ion ( NH4+ ) * Oplosbaarheid new wave stoffen is goed ALSs de stof deze anionen bevat: o Halogenen ( Cl- , Br- , I- , NIET Ag+ , Hg2+ , Pb2+ ) O Nitraat ( NO3- ) , perchloraat ( ClO4- ) , acetaat ( CH3CO2- ) , sulfaat ( SO42- ) NIET Ba2+ , Hg2+ en Pb2+ sulfaat Zoals er hier al tussen staat, zijn er op de bovenstaande regels veel uitzonderingen Te bedenken. Een vollediger overzicht vind je in BINAS tabel 45. Hierin staat op het kruispunt new wave een kolom ( cation ) en een rij ( anion ) dice bij bepaalde ionen horen of de stof die uit deze twee ionen is opgebouwd goed oplosbaar is of niet. Een neerslagreactie is een reactie, waarbij opgeloste stoffen een vaste stof ( neerslag ) vormen. Of Er een neerslagreactie plaats vind is afhankelijk van de oplosbaarheid van stoffen. Oplosbaarheid is te vinden in BINAS tabel 45.  · Zuur-base reacties Zuren en basen zijn stoffen dice ALSs ze opgelost zijn in H2O op een bepaalde manier reageren. Volgens een klassieke omschrijving is dat op de volgende manier: * Zuur: stof dice H+ kan afgeven. o Voorbeeld: HA ( aq ) a H+ ( aq ) + A- ( aq ) o Voorbeeldreacties zuur in ( en met ) H2O:  § HCl ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) a H3O+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq )  § CO2 ( aq ) + 2 H2O ( cubic decimeter ) ( = H2CO3 ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) ) a HCO3- + H3O+ * Base: stof dice H+ kan opnemen. o Voorbeeld: BOH ( aq ) + H+ a B+ ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) o Voorbeeldreacties base in ( en met ) H2O:  § NH2- ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) a NH3 ( aq ) + OH- ( aq )  § BrO- ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) a HBrO ( aq ) + OH- ( aq ) Als een zuur en een base rain trees in een oplossing zijn, neutraliseren zij elkaar. Dit noemen we dan een neutralisatiereactie. Voorbeeldreactie zuur ( zoutzuur ) met base ( natronloog ) : HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) a H+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) + Na+ ( aq ) + OH- ( aq ) H+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) + Na+ ( aq ) + OH- ( aq ) a H2O ( cubic decimeter ) + NaCl ( aq ) Op deze manier zijn dus het ( sterke ) zuur en de ( sterke ) base verdwenen. NaOH ( aq ) splitst in Na+ A ; OH- en neemt de H+ ( ontstaan doordat HCl splitst in H+ A ; Cl- ) . Hierdoor onstaan dus H2O en een zout ( in dot geval keukenzout, maar andere zouten komen uiteraard ook voor ) . Veel informatie is ook te vinden in BINAS tabel 49. Hierin staan zuren in de linker kolom en basen in de rechter kolom. Daarnaast zijn de sterke zuren bovenin Te vinden en de zwakke zuren onderin. Sterke basen staan juist onderin en de zwakke bovenin. Hieruit volgt ook digital audiotape ALSs een zuur een H+ afstaan digital audiotape het een base vormt: een sterk zuur splitst in een zwakke base en H+ . Omgekeerd vormt een sterke base ALSs het een H+ opneemt een zwak zuur: een sterke base vormt een zwak zuur ALSs het een H+ opneemt. Zuur: stof dice H+ kan afgeven. Base: stof dice H+ kan opnemen. Als een zuur en een base elkaar neutraliseren ontstaan H2O nut een zout. Veel info over zuren en basen Te vinden in BINAS Tabel 49  · Redox reacties Een REDOX reactie is een reactie waarbij elektronen worden uitgewisseld: * A- A + e- * A2- A- + e- * A A+ + e- * A+ A2+ + e- De naam oxidation-reduction komt van de woorden reductie en oxidatie: * REDuctie: elektronen worden opgenomen. * OXidatie: elektronen worden afgegeven. Hoe weet je of een reactie een oxidation-reduction reactie is of niet? Om dot Te kunnen bepalen moet je redox-getallen toekennen aan de verschillende moleculen, ionen of atomen. * Elementen hebben redoxgetal 0 O Na, H2, Br2, S, Ne hebben redoxgetal 0 * Ionen hebben een oxidation-reduction getal gelijk aan Hun ladling O Na+ ( +1 ) , Ca2+ ( +2 ) , Al3+ ( +3 ) , Cl- ( -1 ) , O2- ( -2 ) * Het totaal is 0 voor een molecuul en gelijk aan de ladling new wave een samengesteld ion. O H2SO4, ClO4- , NH4+ * In moleculen of samengestelde ionen hebben atomen gewoonlijk heated zelfde getal ALSs hun vorm ALSs ion. o H-O-H ( +1, -2, +1, totaal 0 ) , [ O-H ] ( -2, +1, totaal -1 ) * Uitzonderingen: O Waterstof is +1 of -1  § Na-H ( +1, -1 totaal 0, dus H: -1 ) , H-Cl ( +1, -1, totaal 0, dus H: +1 ) O Zuurstof is meestal -2  § H-O-H ( +1, -2, +1, totaal 0, dus O: -2 ) , H-O-O-H ( +1, -1, -1 +1, totaal 0, dus O: -1 ) o Halogenen zijn meestal -1  § Cl-O-Cl ( +1, -2, +1, totaal 0, dus Cl: -1 ) , H-O-Br Een reactie is een redox-reactie ALSs van een atoom of ion het redoxgetal na de reactie anders is dan voor de reactie heeft plaats gevonden. In de praktijk kun je herkennen of bepaalde reacties redox-reacties zijn door een stof geforceerd Te laten reageren met een stof waarvan je zeker weer digital audiotape deze stof reduceert of oxideert. Als een onderdeel van een reactie oxideert, reduceert namelijk een ander deel. Als er dan inderdaad een reactie plaats vindt, is heated waarschijnlijk een redox-reactie. De stof dice zelf reduceert en er dus voor zorgt digital audiotape een andere stof oxideert is een oxidatie-agent of oxidator. Een stof dice zelf oxideert en er dus voor zorgt digital audiotape een andere stof reduceert is een reductie-agent of reductor: * IJzer laat work forces met zuurstof ( oxidator ) reageren ( roesten van ijzer ) : o 4 Fe ( s ) + 3 O2 ( g ) a 2 Fe2O3 ( s ) 0 0 +3 -2  § De redoxgetallen new wave Fe en O zijn veranderd, dus is heated een redoxreactie. * Met laat ijzeroxide uit ijzererts met koolstof ( reductor ) reageren ( winning new wave ijzer ) : o 2 Fe2O3 ( s ) + 3 C ( s ) a 4 Fe ( s ) + 3 CO2 ( g ) +3 -2 0 0 +4 -2  § De redoxgetallen new wave Fe en C zijn veranderd, dus is heated een redoxreactie. Om redoxreacties kloppend Te maken kun je ook redoxgetallen gebruiken: Neem de volgende stappen: 1. Zorg digital audiotape de reactie klopt voor de reeds bekende reactieproducten. 2. Bepaal van de onjuiste reactievergelijking de redoxgetallen van de verschillende atomen en ionen. 3. Bekijk wat new wave de bekende reactieproducten de af- en toename is van heated redoxgetal. 4. Vermenigvuldig heated aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal afneemt met heated getal new wave de toename. 5. Vermenigvuldig heated aantal moleculen waarvan het redoxgetal toeneemt met heated getal new wave de afname. 6. Maak nu de reactie kloppend voor de overige uitgangsstoffen door reactieproducten toe Te voegen. 7. Als laatste maak je de reactie kloppend door bijvoorbeeld nog enkele H+ ionen bij de uitgangsstoffen Te voegen. Een voorbeeld hiervan: 0. MnO4- ( aq ) + Br- ( aq ) a Mn2+ ( aq ) + Br2 ( aq ) 1. MnO4- ( aq ) + 2 Br- ( aq ) a Mn2+ ( aq ) + Br2 ( aq ) 2. +7 -2 -1 +2 0 3. Manganese: afname = -5 Bromine: toename = +2 4. 2 MnO4- ( aq ) + 2 Br- ( aq ) a 2 Mn2+ ( aq ) + Br2 ( aq ) 5. 2 MnO4- ( aq ) + 5 ten 2 Br- ( aq ) a 2 Mn2+ ( aq ) + 5 Br2 ( aq ) 6. 2 MnO4- ( aq ) + 10 Br- ( aq ) a 2 Mn2+ ( aq ) + 5 Br2 ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) 7. 2 MnO4- ( aq ) + 10 Br- ( aq ) + 16 H+ ( aq ) a 2 Mn2+ ( aq ) + 5 Br2 ( aq ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) Een andere manier om de vergelijking new wave een redoxreactie kloppend Te maken is door gebruik Te maken van halfvergelijkingen. Enkele voorbeelden new wave halfvergelijkingen: * Li a Li+ + e- * Mg a Mg2+ + 2e- * Co a Co2+ + 2 e- * Cu a Cu2+ + 2 e- Deze kun je op de volgende manier gebruiken om vergelijkingen kloppend te maken: 1. Bepaal uit een niet kloppende reactievergelijking de oxidatie halfreactie en de reductie halfreatie. 2. Maak de reactievergelijkingen kloppend. Voeg hier eventueel nieuwe reactieproducten en H+ voor toe. 3. Voeg elektronen toe om de halfreacties helemaal kloppend Te maken. 4. Zorg digital audiotape Er in beide halfreacties evenveel elektronen voor komen ( door een veelvoud new wave of beide halfreacties te nemen ) 5. Voeg de twee halfreacties rain trees. 6. Haal de elektronen uit de uiteindelijke reactie. Een voorbeeld hiervan: 0. Cr2O72- ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) a Cr3+ ( aq ) + Cl2 ( aq ) Oxidatie halfreactie 1. Cl- ( aq ) a Cl2 ( aq ) 2. 2 Cl- ( aq ) a Cl2 ( aq ) 3. 2 Cl- ( aq ) a Cl2 ( aq ) + 2 e- 4. 3x [ 2 Cl- ( aq ) a Cl2 ( aq ) + 2 e- ] = 6 Cl- ( aq ) a 3 Cl2 ( aq ) + 6 e- Reductie halfreactie 0. Cr2O72- ( aq ) a Cr3+ ( aq ) 1. Cr2O72- ( aq ) a 2 Cr3+ ( aq ) 2. Cr2O72- ( aq ) + 14 H+ ( aq ) a 2 Cr3+ ( aq ) + 7 H2O ( cubic decimeter ) 3. Cr2O72- ( aq ) + 14 H+ ( aq ) + 6 e- a 2 Cr3+ ( aq ) + 7 H2O ( cubic decimeter ) 5. 6 Cl- ( aq ) + Cr2O72- ( aq ) + 14 H+ ( aq ) + 6 e- a 3 Cl2 ( aq ) + 6 e- + 2 Cr3+ ( aq ) + 7 H2O ( cubic decimeter ) 6. Cr2O72- ( aq ) + 14 H+ ( aq ) + 6 Cl- ( aq ) a 3 Cl2 ( aq ) + 2 Cr3+ ( aq ) + 7 H2O ( cubic decimeter ) In BINAS tabel 48 staat een overzicht met halfreacties. Ook vind je in deze tabel informatie over de sterkte van een bepaald molecuul of ion ALSs reductor of oxidator.

Using Two Spanish Verbs for Cleaning, Lavar and Limpiar

Using Two Spanish Verbs for Cleaning, Lavar and Limpiar Lavar and limpiar are Spanish verbs meaning to clean, and while theyre sometimes interchangeable, theyre often used in different ways. How To Use Lavar When talking about the body or things associated with the body, particularly clothing, lavar is the verb of choice. One way to remember this is to notice that lavar comes from the same Latin root as does the English word lavatory, sometimes called a washroom. Indeed, one way of thinking about lavar is as a synonym for to wash. La forma en que lavas tu cabello es muy importante para mantenerlo sano. (The way in which you wash your hair is very important for keeping it healthy.)Los profesionales de salud piensan que se lavan las manos mejor y con ms frecuencia de lo que realmente hacen. (Health professionals believe they clean their hands better and more often than they really do.) ¡Odio cuando me lavo la cara y me entra agua por la manga! (I hate it when Im washing my face and water gets up my sleeve!)Si lava las camisas a mano, nunca escobille cuellos y puà ±os. (If you wash shirts by hand, never use a brush on the collars and cuffs.)Los vaqueros debemos lavarlos siempre al revà ©s. (Jeans should always be washed inside-out.)Lava (or limpia) tus dientes despuà ©s de cada comida. (Brush your teeth after each meal.) Because lavar is used when referring to the laundering of clothes, in an adaptation from English similar to a calque, the word also is used to refer to the laundering of money: Se acusa al ex presidente de ser el jefe de una asociacià ³n ilà ­cita que lava dinero. The former president is accused of being the head of an illegal group that launders money. Lavar is often used in situations where water is used in cleaning (although limpiar can sometimes be used too): Hoy a la tarde pensaba lavar el coche. (This afternoon I was thinking about washing my car.)Las verduras eran lavadas y sumergidas en agua muy frà ­a. (The vegetables were washed and placed in very cold water.)No cometas el error de usar jabà ³n de lavar platos. (Dont make the mistake of using dishwashing soap.) Lavar is sometimes used in references to the process of erosion: La erosià ³n lavà ³ la roca sedimentaria, exponiendo el granito. The erosion washed away the sedimentary rock, exposing the granite. Finally, the limpia form of limpiar can be used to form compound words: limpiabarros (boot cleaner), limpiabotas (shoe cleaner), limpiametales (metal polish), limpiamuebles (furniture polish), limpiavidrios (window cleaner). How To Use Limpiar Limpiar, which is derived from the adjective for clean, limpio, can be used in most other situations to mean to clean: Limpiamos absolutamente todo con este producto. (We clean absolutely everything with this product.)Te limpiamos tu casa en 15 minutes. (We clean your house for you in 15 minutes.)Ms de 30 estudiantes limpiaron la zona. (More than 30 students cleaned up the area.)Limpià © el ordenador y se fue el problema. (I cleaned the computer and the problem went away.) ¿Cà ³mo limpias el filtro de partà ­culas en tu Volkswagen? (How do you clean the particulate filter in your Volkswagen?) Limpar can be used to mean to clean or to clean up in a figurative sense: No es difà ­cil limpiar su PC de spyware y malware. (Its not difficult to rid your PC of spyware and malware.)El gobierno desea limpiar el deporte con una nueva ley. (The government wants to clean up the sport with a new law.) Limpiar is also used to refer to the removal of undesired parts from a fish: Limpiar el salmà ³n retirndole la piel, la grasa y las espinas. (Clean the salmon by removing the skin, the fat and the bones.) The lava form of lavar is used to form various compound words: lavacoches (car wash), lavamanos (sink for washing hands), lavapelo (a beauticians chair for washing hair), lavarropas (washing machine), lavavajillas (dishwasher, dishwashing soap). Other Verbs for Cleaning Lavar and limpiar are by far the most common verbs for to clean, at least two others are used in certain circumstances: Ordenar can be used when the emphasis in putting things in order. Cada abril ordeno el garaje. (Every April I clean the garage.)Purificar, a cognate of purify, is sometimes used when the emphasis is on removing impurities. Mi amiga usa la crema cara para purificar la cara. (My friend uses the expensive cream to clean her face.) Key Takeaways Lavar is often used when talking about cleaning the body or clothing, or when the cleaning involves washing with water.Limpiar is used for most other situations as the equivalent of to clean.The conjugated forms lava and limpia are frequently used to form compound words.

Different Aspects of Starting OASOGB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different Aspects of Starting OASOGB - Essay Example Further, in relation to marketing efforts, the virtual competitive environment does play a significant role in determining how successful Old American can actually be on the Internet website. After careful analysis of pricing, delivery policies, and marketing efforts of competition, OASOGB has determined that our current marketing strategy, using various promotional incentives, far exceeds the advertising capabilities of our competitors. Also highly beneficial to Old American is the socio-cultural environment both locally and across the whole of the United States. Research indicates that modern consumerism, such as the value placed on material goods in America, continues to escalate year after year (Boone & Kurtz, 2006). In a culture in which gift-giving and the exchange of tangible gratitudes is a common element of lifestyle, simply by the nature of the companys products the business is catering to the social demand for luxury items and gift presentation. Further, there is a growing demand in the United States for ethical and socially responsible business behaviors, with consumers and advocacy groups alike continuously applying pressure to large-scale businesses to be more ethical. As previously discussed in other business reports, Old American continuously gives back to the community through charitable activities, thus satisfying the consumer demand for ethics and delighting them because of our responsible busines s behaviors. Though the technological environment directly impacts our success, as OASOGB continues to monitor and incorporate more streamlined distribution methods to lower our delivery costs, there is not a substantial influence in connecting technology with that of Old American success. At the same time, the political environment in America is one which applauds the creation of profitable businesses, causing little to no conflict with how the company continues to

Self-evaluation Global climate changes are manmade Essay

Self-evaluation Global climate changes are manmade - Essay Example Therefore, this argument is not valid. How I would make this argument valid would be to cite more broad-based examples of extreme weather pattern which are linked to human activities. In this case, the case of the Texas farmers who have experienced extreme weather events is too narrow of an example, because the extreme weather events experienced by the Texas farmers could be due to any number of causes(Crook, 1999). Presenting examples which are broader based, more tied to the issue of global warming, and are less likely to have any number of causes for these observed phenomenon, would be a better way of illustrating this point. Conclusion #2 – that the industrial revolution influenced the world in significant ways. First of all, this conclusion is poorly written, because, as written, this conclusion does not support the overall argument of the paper, which is that human beings are responsible for internal and external changes in weather. A better way of writing this conclusion so that it is more supportive of the overall argument would be to write the following: â€Å"The emergence of the industrial revolution, in the 19th Century, accelerated the global warming process in different ways.† As for the premises to support the conclusion – one of the premises is that the industrial activities, such as the burning of fossile fuel and coal, and the utilization of natural gas and oil, led to large emissions of toxic gases into the atmosphere. This particular premise is sound, because it links the activities in the industrial revolution directly with the conclusion that the industrial revolution contributes to greenhouse gases. However, the next argument, that the energy sector contributes to 20 percent of methane and 75 percent of carbon dioxide emissions, does not support the conclusion. The conclusion relates specifically to the industrial revolution, which is a specific period of time. The above

Chinua Achebe vs. Margret Atwood Essay Example for Free

Chinua Achebe vs. Margret Atwood Essay Compare the ways that vultures are portrayed and used in the poems by Margaret Atwood and Chinua Achebe. By Jessica Tilbrook. Chinua Achebe and Margret Atwood grew up in two very different environments. They were born almost a decade apart, yet they both managed to construct two very meaningful poems about vultures. Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. In 1967 the region of Biafra broke away from Nigeria. Achebe became a devoted supporter of Biafra independence and served as ambassador for the people of the nation. But to get this point there was a 3 year war of independence ravage. Chinua Achebe witnesses some horrific scenes. He saw babies, children and adults starving to there death. He saw his own people from Biafra killing others from Nigeria. He saw how loving people have the capacity to be evil and vice versa according to Achebes version on the poem vultures. Chinua Achebe believed that any good work of art should have a purpose. Achebes vultures defiantly had a purpose, as it shows how even evil, vile creatures like vultures have the capacity to love. Throughout Achebes poem there is a negative feel. From the very start of the poem it is unpleasant and quite graphic in the description of the vultures. In the poem it occasionally refers to love as one of the vultures inclines affectionately. This suggests that even vile creatures can have the capacity to love. Chinua Achebe uses many techniques throughout his poem vultures. The structure of the poem has no rhyming scheme or lines of the same lengths. The lines are written short, probably on purpose as you can then appreciate the horror, by reading it slower, creating tension. Achebes poem isnt really in Stanzas it is more split into four sections; this is probably done to keep the flow of evil and ideas running through the poem. There is also a lack of punctuation throughout the poem, this could have been done on purpose to keep the poem flowing, like the sections. Chinua Achebe choose to right in past tense for the description of the vultures, as its easier to understand what vultures are like whereas the Belsen Commandant is described in the present tense. This might of been done to remind us that evil is all around us now, and everyone has the capacity to be evil. The word strange on its own, at the beginning of the second section makes us pause, and think about whats actually going to be strange, which makes you think about the whole section. Throughout Achebes poem there is a lot of imagery a good example of this is Belsen Commandant a mass murderer and his children calling him Daddy, not father. This is probably done so you can visualise how the children have no idea of what there father has actually done, and they are treating him like normal. This is quite emotional to read, as you can imagine this really happening. Another example of Achebes imagery is the metaphors he uses to describe death and horror. In the first section it says vulture perching high on broken bones of a dead tree. This makes the atmosphere more intense, and builds up the tension from the very beginning. There is some alliteration in the poem, but there are not many references to sound. I think Achebe wants to concentrate on more visual images rather than sound effects to suggest his ideas. I liked Achebes version of the poem vultures. It had a very meaningful purpose, which is what Achebe wanted to achieve. He wanted to use vultures as a vehicle to get people to understand that even the most loving of people have the capacity to be evil. I think he used vultures as a very successful vehicle at getting his point across. I also think that this poem is ambiguous on one hand, you could say that even the cruellest of creatures show even the tiniest amount of love, but on the other hand, that even the most loving creatures have potential to be even the slightest bit evil. The second poem called vultures was written my Margret Atwood. She was born in Ottawa, Ontario in 1939. She was a daughter of a forest entomologist, and spent part of her early years in the bush of North Quebec. Atwood is the joint honorary president of the rare bird club of birdlife international. The main message of this poem is how life comes of death. So basically the cycle of life, and even from the most horrific things in life, can bring something extraordinary out of it. Throughout Atwoods poems there are references to death, such as hung and bones. This does not give a good vibe to the poem. Atwood uses several metaphors throughout. Then theyre hyenas, raucous around the kill, flapping their black umbrellas. This is two metaphors in one sentence. She describes the vultures as hyenas which is not only a good comparison but good use of imagery. Also Atwood says the vultures were flapping their black umbrellas this makes them out to seem huge evil animals. The structure of Atwoods poem is done very well, as she occasionally puts odd words on a separate line to make you think about the poem in more depth. The poem is sort of in stanzas but there isnt maybe, which helps the poem keep flowing. All of the lines in the poem are roughly the same length, apart from the occasional odd word. I think it makes the poem easier to read, and get the rhyme flowing at the right pace. Margret Atwood uses a variety of meaningful and powerful words. For example carnage violate gluttonous all these words have a negative impact on vultures. As they are explaining why and how they are vile creates. But some people might say that the way vultures act is completely natural. This is because it is natural for them to eat, which means killing other animals, to feed themselves and there family. Which shows this poem is also quite ambiguous. There arent many references to sound throughout Atwoods version of Vultures. But she does say vultures snigger at funerals. And sniggering refers to sound. This also implies vultures are vile creature, as it is inappropriate to horribly giggle at a funeral. I think that Margret Atwood successfully used vultures as a good vehicle to show how life comes out of death, even in the most horrible circumstances. I thought both Chinua Achebe and Margret Atwoods poems both had very different meanings, but both shows contrasts between humans and vultures. In my opinion Chinua Achebes version of vultures was the best used vehicle to get his point across. As he point his point across very well, and he achieved his purpose that any good work of art should have a purpose. So I think Chinua Achebes poem just slightly had an edge over Margret Atwoods because of Achebes aims for his poem.

Paradise Lost Essay -- essays research papers

Peter Schrag presents the ills of California?fs current politics in an angry and persuasive tone. He says California used to be ?gboth model and magnet for the nation—in its economic opportunities, its social outlook, and its high-quality public services and institutes?h; however, California started to fade after the passage of Proposition 13, the initiative of tax limits (7). Schrag?fs work clearly shows what is the problem in today?fs California, and it is easy to understand even for those who have little knowledge of politics. By focusing on issues of ?gneopopulism?h which is easy to find in California?fs diversity, he succeeds in giving his readers the sense of crisis not only about California?fs politics, but also the national wide politics because California is the place ?gwhere the new American society is first coming into full view?h (23). Schrag says, about California politics, that: For nearly a generation, there has been increasing focus among scholars, politicians, and journalists on the growing gaps in California—ethic, social, economic—between those who exercise political power and the larger population, and particularly those who are the most immediate users of its public services. What has gotten little discussion is the dynamic of the plebiscitary process itself. While it?fs ad hoc in nature—each measure is decided by voters on its own apparent merits without much reference to the wider context—it has a larger cumulative effect through which statewide majorities restrict the powers of local political majorities, which are often nonwhite. Almost by definition, it is also a device of impulse that tends to be only marginally respectful of minority rights or interests, and that lends itself to demagogic wedge campaigns designed to boost voter turnout for other political purpose. (21) Schrag divides his project into five sections. The middle sections, ?gThe Spirit of 13,?h and ?gMarch of the Plebiscites,?h in which he carefully discusses each important measure in the last two decades, show why so many issues rose. In the first section, ?gGolden Moment,?h Schrag describes ?gCalifornia?fs heyday of post-World War †¡U optimism?h and how it crumbled. Citations from magazines prove that California was a really paradise even from the nationwide view. Schrag also notices that the demographic change deeply relates to California?fs politics in the last t... ...comes clear in this chapter is that the plebiscitary process is problem in California. Most voters and a large portion of media pay attention not on the government and the social welfare, but on their individual benefits. Much amount of money was spent on each measure, and supporters and opponents vehemently argued by using the mass media. Schrag says that the state government of California became a ?gmedia-based?h government. It is clear that California had anti-immigrants climate by Schrag?fs selection of measures. California politicians attacked programs for low-income Californians precisely at the time when California?fs demographic was changing rapidly. Politicians have been urging white voters to cut back on beneficial public services to original Californians. Finally, Schrag concludes his work with some suggestions for ?gthe possibilities for a new political integration and a revitalized social ethic in California?h while he describes ?gthe contrary forces pushing even fur ther toward a market-based governmental ethic?h (20). His work gives us a good opportunity for rethinking recent California and how voters, not only California?fs voters but also the others, should be.

Comparison of A Vindication of the Rights of Women by Mary Wollstonecraft and In the Grass by Annette Elisabeth Doste-Hülshoff Essay

Mary Wollstonecraft is a well known literature author in the Enlightenment period of the 18th century, she tried to change the prospective of the society about women and succeeded to change the view of society towards women, while Annette Elisabeth who is also well known for her literary works and has was prominent in the Romanism period, the first half of the 18th century. Accomplishments and life of Mary Wollstonecraft & Annette Elisabeth Doste-Hulshoff Mary Wollstonecraft is one of the most prominent and earliest female philosopher, her works were also among the earliest forms of feminist philosophy. Ms. Mary Wollstonecraft was known as the â€Å"hyena in petticoats†(a vindication 1) just because she object the society’s image of women, she said that the conduct book given out to women do not educate the women, it just made them silly and vain. Her literary work entitled A Vindication of the Rights of Women earned her the title of being the â€Å"mother of modern feminism,† her work is also responsible for the â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Woman. † Although she was a premature baby, Ms. Annette Elisabeth Doste-Hulshoff does not have pre-mature literature, her execution in poetry is highly notable and she is considered to be one of the most unique writers in her time and remained the most honored women poet of the century. Her poetry is still respected till this day and her literary works remains strong and still have a unique point of view. Comparison of A Vindication of the Rights of Women and In the Grass A Vindication of the Rights of Women’s clear intention is to empower the women and give the women the same rights the society gives men, while the poem In the Grass speaks in the romantic side of things. While A Vindication of the Rights of Women is planting encouragements on society to see men and women equal, In the Grass author is harvesting the plants; she was allowed to study and is exceptionally knowledgeable in music and natural history. Just like the Wollstonecraft, Doste-Hulshoff has also experience being under minded, in her poem In the Grass, she wrote â€Å"sweetly laughter flutters down,/dear voice murmurs, and trickles/down like linden blooms onto a grave† (Doste-Hulshoff lines 6-8 p65). In the lines, she is stating that they, the society, murmur and laugh at her capabilities, their insults trickles down into the grave or rather drips deep into her, while in the literary work of Wollstonecraft, she made it clear that society is also undermining not herself, but all the women, that because the women in her time is only allowed to tend to their husbands and the girls to play with dolls and attend to their mother, they grow up copying them and acting the same way and not giving them the freedom to think for themselves and act like an independent individual she was meant to be, â€Å"she will imitate her mother or aunts and amuse herself by adorning her lifeless doll† (Wollstonecraft 666). After Wollstonecraft has planted all the seeds to ensure that women will be allowed to have the same rights as men have and died, is the birth of another strong bodied woman named Annette Elisabeth Doste-Hulshoff reaped most of what Wollstonecraft has planted. Although Wollstonecraft has succeeded in changing the society’s mind of giving women a chance to have equal rights, some people still resist the idea, although Doste-Hulshoff became a powerful poet, she was still undermined because of her gender; but despite of their critics and they have both prove the world through their literature that women should not be undermined. Works cited Doste-Hulshoff, Annette Elisabeth. In the Grass in Name of book. Publication Location: Publication. (year printed). Print. Wollstonecraft, Mary. A Vindication of the Rights of Women in Name of book. Publication Location: Publication. (year printed). Print.

Evolution Of Outdoor Advertising In Nigeria

Advertising or advertising is a form of communication for marketing and used to encourage, persuade, or manipulate an audience (viewers, readers or listeners; sometimes a specific group) to continue or take some new action. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common. This type of work belongs to a category called affective labor (Wayne et al. , 2008). Long before America was colonized, commerce flourished in the Old World where various methods were used to promote trade.Notice boards placed outside houses indicated what could be had within. Wine cellars gave free samples in the streets. And actors paraded in the streets attempting to entice onlookers into theatres. The idea of commerce is very old indeed, and the means of inducing others into exchange relationships was not far behind in its development. (Advertising and Society Review) As we have seen, an advertis ement can be very simple, and simple advertising, eg for events, has been around for as long as people have been trying to make money out of attracting a wider public.Posters announcing an event were probably the first form of advertising, and these date back to gladiatorial contests in Ancient Rome. The first advertisements, however, which fit our full definition of advertising (ie paid for, occupying space in a media form) appear in newspapers in the seventeenth century. These tended to be straightforward statements of fact, without any fancy typesetting or illustrations, and were often indistinguishable from the news stories around them.As the eighteenth century wore on, the Industrial Revolution gathered pace, and consumer goods became more sophisticated, manufacturers began to recognize that they needed to create a need for their products. Many items were new to consumers, or were new variations. Josiah Wedgewood, who manufactured pottery in England in the second half of the se venteenth century, was particularly good at creating new markets for his wares through advertising.He brought cups and plates into the budget and households of middle class families – a much larger market than the wealthy aristocratic households who had previously been the only purchasers of dinner sets. The nineteenth century saw the skills of the advertiser come to the forefront, as ads began to mix images and words, and adopt the techniques of language and layout that we are familiar with today. With the proliferation of goods and services in this century, it became recognised that advertising was an important part of business, and should be dealt with by experts in the field.Most of the advertising agencies that dominate the global markets today were founded in the latter part of the nineteenth century. During the early part of the twentieth century, governments began to recognise the power of advertising to get their message across to their ‘consumers' (ie their ci tizens). This was particularly apparent during the First World War, when advertising was used to enlist soldiers and enforce government policies. (http://www. mediaknowall. com/gcse/advertising/advertising.Advertising in Nigeria Advertising in Nigeria could be said to have started officially with Rev. Henry Townsend's Newspaper called Iwe Iroyin in 1859. This particular newspaper carried advertisements on births and other social events. However, professional advertising is often said to have started in 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited. Derived from UAC, it was established to cater for the needs of the colonial masters in Nigeria and West Africa.This company later became an advertising agency in 1929 named Lintas with two other subsidiaries namely Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm. In the 1950's new advertising agencies emerged. The medium of advertising was in its infancy in those days Federal Government owned National Broadcasting Cor poration (NBC) where he only television stations that operated in the four regions of East, West, North and later Midwest. With the increase in practitioners, an agency regulatory body had to be formed to standardize their practices.A meeting of the agencies held at Ebute Metta, Lagos in 1971 was to metamorphose into Association of Advertising Practitioners of Nigeria (AAPN) with the objective of protecting practitioners against unfavorable business. The association was later renamed Association of Advertising Agencies of Nigeria (AAAN) . The need to establish an institution Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) by Decree 55 of 1988, later renamed Act 55 of 1988 by the civilian administration on November 1989, the first meeting of the association held somewhere in Ebute-meta, Lagos finally culminated to the birth of APCON.In the 1990's the sector came alive, it began to expand beyond advertising as full services public relation firms such as the Quadrant JSP and Quest were established. Also the era witnessed the mad rush of foreign affiliations. While some agencies sought this affiliation to help boost their human capital, others just joined the bandwagon just to feel among. Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) later emerged in 1928.Today, Nigerian advertising industry, is making efforts to ensure that they measured up to global industry practice. Affiliations also avails them of technical knowhow in the areas of creativity and training. The industry has grown to shooting their adverts locally and injecting a lot of local content in their campaigns the regulatory body of advertising, APCON, is living up to expectations by the measures put in place to sanitize the industry. Of note is professionalizing the practice to ensure that quacks are reduced if not flushed out completely.Again measures are adopted to ensure practitioners operate within set advertising standards. S ectional associations include Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria (BON), Media Independent Practitioners Association of Nigeria (MIPAN), Advertisers Association of Nigeria (ADVAN), Newspapers proprietors Association of Nigeria (NPAN) and Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN).OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAOutdoor advertising in Nigeria has its humble beginning rooted in colonial history. Advertising development in Nigeria could be traced to about 1928 with the birth of West African Publicity Limited; a subsidiary of the United African Company (UAC). The company was set up to cater for the marketing activities of UAC in both Nigeria and other West African countries as at that time. The company was later to transform to a full-fledged advertising firm in 1929 and was named Lintas with two other subsidiaries, Afromedia, the outdoor medium and Pearl/Dean, the cinema arm.Then headed by expatriates, the companies were to enjoy a monopoly for a long time. It was not until 1950s when other advertising agencies started to emerge on the scene. Ogilvy, Benson and Martha (OBM) and Grant were later to join the fray to form the big three in the industry (Saleem et al. , 2010). In the 50s, other sizes of structures like 8 sheets, 1b sheet and few bulletin boards at Iddo were erected for such clients as Nigeria Tobacco company, Nigeria breweries and Langucy stores. The history of outdoor is the history of advertising in Nigeria.What has evolved into advertising practice today started formerly around 1928 with the establishment of a UAC subsidiary known as the West African Publicity, whose major activity was producing outdoor advertising for UK companies based in Nigeria. The business has since grown over the years to become a multibillion naira outfit (Tirmizi et al. , 2009). In 1957 all billboards on railway property was landed to MRS Freemont. Railways having set up an outdoor advertising department in 1956. In July 1958, Messrs J. W Mills, Chairman and Managing Director of Mills and Rockleys, a U. K based outdoor advertising company and Mr. G.C Campbell of Franco Signs Limited visited Ibadan, Kaduna and Enugu with the writer for on-the-spot assessment of the of the country’s potentials. A year later Afromedia Nigeria limited was registered precisely on the 28th October, 1959. West Africa publicity which was the first outdoor changed its name to Lintas Nigeria limited with the new management staff in Afromedia limited Mr. D. M. Casey. Outdoor started in earnest and then the first 40 sheet was erected at the junction of Apapa road and denfor street with number LA 1 and a 16 sheet board was erected on the wall of 4 custom sheet corner of phoenix lane numbered LA2.The Manager called M. D. Redman brought in Afromedia in about 1961. Proper documentation of all billboards giving such details as date of erection, landlord’s name, address of billboards, annual payable to landlord or local government council and campaign in 1963. Mr. Kelly of Afromedia commission media research, which result gave credence to the posters medium in Nigeria in terms of coverage during the same period.Mr.  Kelly spear-headed the development of outdoor industry by bringing clients that patronized outdoor intensively together to form an associate with the outdoors companies Afromedia and Railways with name as Outdoors Advertising Contractors of Nigeria (OACAN). However, during this period, there were other outdoors companies, like Railway Advertisement Service, Nigeria Advertising Service (NAS), Wilmer Publicity Gilbertson Advertising Limited, Nigeria Commercial and Industries Enterprise Publicity Associates of Nigeria limited. The first posters printing in Nigeria was done in 1962, by Afromedia.The company was late sold to the Nigeria Management Staff in March, 1974 (BECAME INDIGENISED). During the period, new outdoors advertisement structures were introduced. Sheet unit in 1979, Jewel machine 1989, Timed in 1990, Rooftop in 1990, Directional Street Signs in 1990. UAC West Africa publicity limited set up in 1928, around 1959 it was splinted into two – Afromedia and Lintas. Outdoor Advertisement Contractor of Nigeria came into being in 1954 and the name was changed to Outdoor Adversting Association of Nigeria (OAAN) in 1986 to reflect both in outlook and practice.Outdoors is the oldest advertising medium in Nigeria, though the print media was few years ahead of outdoors. Outdoor advertising however has witnessed its challenges over the years and in what looked like the major steps to address the problem facing the outdoor sub-sector of the advertising industry, stakeholders in the industry, including government, practitioners and advertisers have identify areas of conflict between practitioners and regulatory agencies.Among other things, there is a reviewed that outdoor advertising practice and regulatory environment in the country and charted the way forward for a thriving and mutually rewarding outdoo r advertising industry. Despite the challenges faced by the sector, there are over 165 outdoor firms still existing in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria (Latif and Abideen, 2011). The first act of billboard demolition took place during the Raji Rasaki military regime. This action marked the beginning of billboard extermination in the country. In 2006, there was massive demolition of billboards in Abuja.The exercise was aimed at sanitising the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), but the resultant effect was the agony it caused some outdoor agencies, some even filed for bankruptcy. In 2007, Lagos State Signage and Advertising Agency (LASAA) went on a crusade against billboards in the state (Saleem et al. , 2010). Today, out of home (outdoor) advertising has gone beyond rusty poles signage in Nigeria. The major turnaround featured segmented scrolling billboards, unipoles, ultra waves, crossway billboards (gantries) backlit, Hexa signs and the latest of them is the light emitting diodes LED screen billboards.These evolutionary billboards designs are meant to make the outdoor advertising functions more effective, less stressful yet delivering value for money (Latif and Abideen, 2011). These latest electronically controlled billboards could be managed from the agencies office without any stress. Another advantage and a delight to clients is that it could also be monitored by the clients from their offices removing the hassle of going to spy on a billboards post for monitoring. Just like other digital innovations, this one also comes with accuracy, ease, speed and trend.This new technology provides aerial beautification (Saleem et al. , 2010). Outdoor advertising has its challenges. Among these challenges are conflicting regulations and multiple taxation, huge debts and demolition of their billboards. In the face of all these, the practitioners are undaunted because outdoor advertising business is still booming in Nigeria. Issues in Outdoor Advertisin g in Nigeria Clients Indebtedness Regulatory Issues Technological Issue Clients Indebtedness.Clients’ indebtedness remains one of the issues that has plagued the outdoor advertising industry in Nigeria, according to a report by Bernard Okhakume in the business column of the Nations newspaper on the 10th of February, 2013, â€Å"Consequent upon their (Outdoor Advertising Agents) debt burden, some of these service providers have closed shop. Over 70% of them today are so heavily indebted they cannot run their offices. At the close of business year 2012, some of them simply disengaged their staff and opted for one-man show pending when situation improves.The situation tends to be as a result of the fact that clients can simply take their wares to other practitioners after being indebted to one agency. However a strong association between practitioners can help to reduce this, In India, the Indian Outdoor Advertising Association is so strong; it clearly states its membership is well over 78% of outdoor corporate service providers in the country. For a country almost the size of a continent, such achievement is highly commendable. Its size enables the association so much power to establish and enforce practice rules, code and ethics.The members are sure to be protected against system abuse. It is not unlikely that clients do owe outdoor agencies in India, but for a scenario such as prevalent in our local market to play out there, is certainly not permissible (http://thenationonlineng. net/new/againoutdoor-advertising-clients-indebtedness/). Regulatory Issues Outdoor advertising regulation has a long-standing tradition of controversy (Charles R. Taylor and John c. Taylor, Journal of public policy& marketing (http://www. jstor. org/stable/30000175). The need to curb haphazard and chaotic outdoors practice in the country led to the emergence of Regulatory bodies.However Practitioners have continued to complain over this â€Å"Strangulation† as some refe rred to it. APCON chairman, Mr. Lolu Akinwumi, at the 2012 edition of the annual advertising forum organised by the Advertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON) under the theme, ‘Outdoor Advertising Regulation and Control in Nigeria’. said the out-of-home is a major component of advertising practice, which in recent years had suffered some decline, especially as a result of different regulatory regimes, resulting in high costs of operations for practitioners.However, observers have noted that the regulation of outdoor agencies by the government is not a one sided coin, â€Å"The effort to check the indiscriminate deployment of outdoor posters, banners, signs and billboards across the state is finally paying off, for example a drive through Lagos state will see an array of safely and beautifully positioned Boards, it’s almost as if you are in a Western Country†, said Omoba Segun Adewale of Proview Advertising agency.In Nigeria, following the establi shment of The Lagos State Signage and Advertisement Agency as established by the Lagos State Structures for Signage and Advertisement Agency Law, 2006 and the Amendment thereto a body that is responsible for regulating and controlling outdoor advertising and signage displays in Lagos State (http://www. lasaa. com/who-we-are/#sthash. bTsdXaKf. dpuf). Several states are beginning to establish state regulatory agencies to help manage an industry that either to as been a â€Å"free for all affair†.Technological Issue Practitioners in developed economies such as South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States of America (to mention a few), the challenging issues are not indebtedness and member business shut down due to clients’ indebtedness. Practitioners in those economies are now focused on innovative creativity. They are rather challenged by issues such as technological advancement in outdoor advertising practice, research and strategic planning and global innovativen ess (not begging to be paid for job done three years back).In Nigeria, aside from Lagos state that is always on its toes to keep up with modern technology in the field of outdoor advertising, practitioners are still battling with technology in Nigeria, some have attributed this to the cost of having technology especially when clients are not willing to pay the appropriate fee. Despite all the issues raised however, it is interesting to note that over 165 outdoor firms still existed in the market, managing over 21,000 boards, pan-Nigeria ( http://www. thisdaylive. com/articles/charting-the-future-of-outdoor-advertising/120264/).HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISINGHumans have been creating wall art since the time we lived in caves. What the wall art was used for, and at what point it crossed from artistic display to marketing for a business is an interesting question. During the time of the ancient Egyptians the government was using images carved into stones to post the laws and regulations of the land. This carving into stones may, in a way, have been the oldest form of outdoor advertising (Mick, 1986). The modern-day billboard advertising approach can trace its roots to lithography, which was an invention of the late 1790s.The genius of this invention is that it made it possible to mass produce as many posters and announcements as a business needed. There was one major limitation to the outdoor billboards being produced at the time, and that was the quality of the posters; they did not stand up when exposed to the elements for prolonged periods of time. The circuses were one of the first businesses to profit from this new form of mass marketing, and so outdoor advertising underwent a major innovation which brought us the modern billboard advertising that we know today.The earliest use of the billboard by the circuses dates back to 1835. Prior to the invention of lithography, billboard copy could only be produced on a very small scale which made it sig nificantly less effective as a marketing tool than it is today (Koc, 2002). The true test of a new product is how well it holds up after being introduced to the market for the first time. Several prominent forms of advertising have come into the advertising world and created whole new marketplaces without rendering the traditional outdoor billboard obsolete.It’s a true sign that traditional outdoor billboards are here to stay. Despite the rise of radio, television and internet advertising, the outdoor advertising industry remains stronger than ever. The modern-day billboard, like the outdoor advertising industry as a whole, are a testament to how simple, sturdy, and flexible marketing solutions can endure despite rapid innovation in marketing campaign strategies and emerging technologies (Bittlingmayer, 2008).REGULATION OF OUTDOOR ADVERTISING IN NIGERIAAdvertising Practitioners Council of Nigeria (APCON), established by Act No. 93 of 1992 is the regulatory body of all adverti sing practitioners. However, Outdoor Advertising Agency Association of Nigeria (OAAN) was the regulatory body responsible for regulating outdoor advertising in Nigeria before the various State government took over with Lagos state pioneering this move with the establishment of LASAA. The pre-LASAA era saw Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria, OAAN, performing the dual roles of a regulator and a trade association.The OAAN era attracted more criticisms than accolades because of the unstructured environment and the manner in which operators went about business. It was an era when every tom, dick and harry could set up an outdoor advertising agency without due registration and process. In 2006 Lagos state set the pace with LASAA and other States followed in this line of action and introduced their state agencies to regulate and control the business.The states include Kano State, the state recruited the services of Chris Park Marketing Services (CPMS), Oyo State has the Oyo State S ignage and Advertisement Agency (OYSAA), in Ogun State, the Ogun State Signage and Advertising Agency (OGSAA) is doing the job while in Ekiti State, the Ekiti State Signage and Advertisement Agency (EKSAA) is responsible for the job in Rivers State its Rivers State Signage Agency while The Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, gave the responsibility to Afromedia, others are Cross river state sign board and signage agency (CRISSA), Kwara State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KWASAA), Anambra State Signage and Advertisement Agency (ANSAA), Bauchi State Signage and Advertisement Management Agency (BASSAMA), Kano State Signage and Advertisement Agency (KASAA), Ondo State Signage and Advertisement Agency (OSSAA) and Rivers State Signage Agency amongst others. While States like Anambra and Akwa Ibom states are on the verge of setting up and/or leasing the business to consultants.Ogun State attempted to adopt LASAA’s style but could not due to political reasons. Ekiti State, the EKSA A never found its footing due to lack of political will.The state government’s collaborative effort with LASAA collapsed because some stakeholders in Ekiti felt it was an imported idea. Oyo State is currently enjoying smooth services as OYSAA sanitisation exercise got little or no resistance. However, the Director General of OYSAA, Yinka Adepoju, has lamented operators and brand owners cooperation on the area of levy and dues remittance, which, he claimed, is not encouraging. Kano State took an extreme measure in its effort to enforce the new rules when CPMS in conjunction with the state’s Urban Planning & Development Authority pulled down over N300 million worth of billboards and hoardings. The regulation and control activities in the state became the most draconian.The pricing of billboards in the state by CPMS is said to be outrageous despite the fact that Kano is not a commercially viable city for advertisers compared to the situation in Lagos State. While stakehol ders have applaud the state government’s initiative to beautify and modernize the city, they have also decried the excessive rate and undue grandstanding of the concessionaire. Investigations showed that members of Outdoor Advertising Association of Nigeria (OAAN) are groaning over their inability to pay the new rate while advertisers are reluctant to accommodate new prices as budgets had already been planned before the new price regime in the state.The FCT, Abuja, is the new entrant into the outdoor advertising business and the intent of the FCT Administration is clear. For it, it is all about revenue and it has concluded plans to raise the sum of N3 billion from outdoor advertisements annually to augment its Internally Generated Revenue (IGR). The FCT Minister, Senator Bala Abdulkadir Muhammed, made this disclosure in Abuja during an interactive session with outdoor advertisement stakeholders, where it announced Afromedia as the concessionaire to the project. The Minister r estated that the FCT Administration is working towards avoiding visual assault and pollution caused by random advertisements and signages on the streets and neighbourhood of the 8000 square kilometers of the Federal Capital Territory.The state regulatory agencies often been referred as interventionist-agencies have the statutory obligations of regulating the practice of outdoor advertising in the country and are expected to enhance the beauty of the environment, which will serve as a big plus to aesthetics. The agencies have ensured that the stakes are higher now, promoting healthy competition and has tremendously repositioned the outdoor advertising industry. The stakes are higher now, unlike in the past, what we have now as billboards can compete favorably with others anywhere in the world. Besides, the environment is saner and cleaner, which serves as a major attraction to investors.As good as it all seems to have been since 2006 for the state government regulators some new chall enge continue to emerge and pose itself as a problem, it’s the issue of the Police, Military and other FG establishments in the state practicing outdoor by default by putting up illegal outdoor signage’s. The question out there is are there unwritten laws that permits these set of institutions to regulate and control the signage industry or is there a bill underway that will enable them to FASCINATING FACTS FROM THE EVOLUTION OF ADVERTISING INFORMATION ABOUT BILLBOARDS IN NIGERIA:Outdoor advertising is the oldest and most basic type of advertising.More people can view one particular billboard than AIT Television Station. The fact remains that the billboard must be located in a high traffic area.Billboards are viewed nearly 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by billions of different people.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read. Most other types of media cannot compare to this and that i s the fact. Reach Billboards in Lagos reaches 80% of all Lagos population.Television commercials (which ranks #1) reaches 85% of all Lagos population. Other type of Media.The average person must see a television commercial at least seven times before they actually remember viewing the commercial.Outdoor Advertising costs 80% less than television advertising, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio advertisements.Repetition is extremely helpful when you are trying to increase your product awareness, or when you simply want to get your message across to millions of people. This task can easily be accomplished with billboard campaigns.Outdoor advertising makes it extremely easy to target, or not to target, a specific market.Billboards are usually the final message we see right before we purchase an item. So why not direct everyone to your product? Driving Trends.People are spending more time in their vehicle than they do to read the paper and watch the news! For example, t he traffic in Lagos, Nigeria makes it possible for you to spend about six (6) hours on the road to work and back.OAAA did a study in 1999 that says people glance at 70% of the billboards they pass. Of these billboards, 63% are actually read.  · How do billboard rates compare to other types of advertising?Outdoor advertising has a lower cost per thousand (CPM) than any other type of advertising. Outdoor ads cost 80% less than television commercials, 60% less than newspaper ads, and 50% less than radio ads.Billboards have been rated higher than any other type of advertising for their ability to communicate ideas at the lowest possible prices.Outdoor advertising has a larger audience than any other type of advertising. Outdoor advertising is the only type of media that has constant exposure.No other type of advertising allows your message to be displayed 24 hours a day, seven days a week.Ads on billboards are free to consumers; you do not have to buy a magazine, cable television, or a newspaper to see your advertisement (http://victorariyibi. blogspot. com/2007_08_01_archive. html).Other facts about advertising:Advertising has existed as far back as 3000 BC!63% of consumers need to hear company claims 3-5 times before they actually believe it.You’re more likely to survive a plane crash than click a banner ad.The first newspaper ad was in 1650 to offer a reward for 12 stolen horses.The first professional advertising agency was launched in 1841 in Philly.Advertising first became an academic discipline in 1900 at Northwestern.Unilever & JWT first partnered in 1902, creating the longest relationship in advertising history.A baby formula brand was the first to sponsor a blimp (in 1902).The first ad agency to launch a product was JWT on behalf of P&G in 1911, for their product Crisco.  The first radio ad spot was offered in 1922: $100 for ten minutes  In 1929, Lucky Strike spent $12.3M on ads, the most in history to that point to promote just one product.à ‚  The first TV ad was for Bulova Clocks & reached 4000 TVs (http://blog. hubspot. com/the-history-of-advertising-war-for-consumer-attention-slideshare ).