Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies

Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies Abstract Cloud is the buzzword among computational technologies. It has brought a paradigm shift in a way computing is done and data is stored. This cost-effective means of technology has attracted a lot of people towards it and companies are embracing cloud to reduce their operational costs. As grows the popularity so will the challenges. One of the foremost challenges is Fault Tolerance. Fault Tolerance ensures the availability, reliability, and performance of the cloud applications. This paper is mainly focused on the Reactive fault tolerance strategies. Firstly, the paper outlines various faults, errors, and failures in the Cloud Computing scenario. Then, various prevalent reactive fault tolerance strategies are discussed. Lastly, a comparative analysis is done to better understand the application of the discussed strategies. I. Introduction Cloud-Computing is gaining traction due II. Faults, Errors, and Failures 2.1 Faults. Fault is the cause of the system or a component in the system to fail. Faults induce errors into system which hinders the ability of any system to perform as expected and give desired results. An erroneous system ultimately leads towards failure. Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to keep going in presence of one or more faults but with decaying performance. We must thoroughly classify and analyze various kinds of faults, errors, and failures to come up with sound Fault-Tolerance Strategies.   Faults in Cloud Computing environment can be classified as follows. Aging related fault As time passes, these faults show up into the system. These can be further categorized into two types namely Software based aging and Hardware based aging. Once the software starts execution, there is an accumulation of software bugs in the system. Furthermore, the decaying performance of the system hardware makes the system incapable to perform to its requirements. Omission fault This kind of faults occur when the resources in the system dry up and eventually the ongoing processes end up falling short of the resources in terms of storage capacity and computing power. Omission faults are mainly of two types i.e. Denial of Service, where the attacker tries to make the resources unavailable to its intended users by overwhelming the system with too many superfluous requests.   The other type is Disk Space Full, in which the amount of free space required by the applications is no longer available, this leads to node failure? Response faults. Response faults occur when the server gives an incorrect response to a query made by the user. This is further classified into 3 types. Value Faults-If faults at an application level or at lower level in the system are not managed properly, this can cause the individual application or the processor to emit an incorrect value. Byzantine faults- This fault attributes to the erratic behavior of the processor when it gets corrupted. The processor has not stopped working but the results are not predictable. State transition faults- When systems change their states, this kind of fault surfaces. Timing Faults. Synchronization is a key factor when it comes to execution of tasks in a distributed computing ecosystem. There should be time constraints for communication and execution of tasks by the processor. Faults which arise due to poor synchronization are called Timing faults. If the communication or the task execution begins early, then it is called Early fault. If the processor takes a lot of time to execute the tasks and this results in undesirable delay in the communication, then it is called Late fault. Interaction Faults. As the number of services grow in the system along with its complexity, the interaction between the services also increases. This may cause faults which occur due to Policy and Security incompatibilities. Various service providers have different policies and different security protocols. Life Cycle Faults. The service time of an application may expire when a user is trying to use that application. User cannot further access it unless the service becomes active again. This is called as Life Cycle fault or Service expiry fault. 2.2 Errors. Error is the difference between the expected output and the actual output of a system. A system is said to perform erroneously when it starts behaving in a manner that is against its specification and compliance. To study the nature of errors in a cloud computing scenario, a few of them have been listed below. Network Errors. Cloud is a network of remote servers. Hence, we may observe a lot of errors in the nodes and the links which connect these servers.   This kind of errors are called as Network Errors. Mainly network errors can be in the form of three types. Packet Corruption-   As a packet moves from one node to another and traverses across various links, there is a fair amount of chance that it might get corrupted due to the system noise. Packet corruption tweaks the original information and might sometimes go unnoticed.? Packet Loss- If a packet fails to reach its destination, this leads to Packet Loss. The main causes of packet failure are link congestion, device failure, (router/switch) and, faulty cabling. Network Congestion- When the traffic This issue is encountered due to low bandwidth. When the flow of traffic increases on a single path, this may also create network congestion. This issue is very important as it determines the Quality of Service(QoS). Software Errors. Software errors are broadly categorized as memory leaks and numerical exceptions. Memory Leaks- When there is a bug in the software wherein the application uses huge memory to perform the task but the memory, which is no longer needed, is not freed upon the completion of the task. Numerical Exception-A software does a lot of numerical computations which are required by the applications. The applications might sometimes generate issues due to some numerical conversions which raise exceptions. If these exceptions remain unhandled then errors persist in the system. Time Based Errors. These errors arise when applications do not complete their task execution in a time bounded manner. This can be subdivided into three types. Transient Errors- the probability of occurrence is very less. Intermittent Errors- The pattern of these errors is sporadic but observed many number of times. Permanent Errors- These occur more number of times with a deterministic pattern. 2.3 Failures. As said earlier, failures result due to errors. If a system does not achieve its intended objective, then its in a state of failure. Several things can go wrong in a system and yet the system may produce desired results. Until the system produces wrong output, there is no failure?4 To study the nature of failures, following is the list of failures. Node Failure. In distributed systems, such as cloud computing, we see that sometimes resources and nodes are dynamically added to the system. This brings along a lot of uncertainties and the chances of node failure increase. Reliability and availability are the major criteria for nodes to be adjudged as functioning properly. Node failure occurs if a node is not available at any time a node is not present in the system to perform tasks(unavailable) or produces errors while doing computations. Process Failure. Process failure occurs when a process is unable to place the messages into the communication channel and transmit it or a processs algorithm is unable to retrieve messages from the communication channel? Network Failure. Network failures are very serious issues with regards to cloud computing. There is no communication without a network. Network failures occur when there is a link failure, network device failures such as routers and switches, configuration changes in a network. Configuration change or a change in policy of a machine will cause problems to the applications using the resources of that machine and this problem is most likely reason for a network failure.? Host Failure. A host is a computer that communicates with other computers on the network. In the scope of Cloud Computing, hosts are servers/clients that send/receive data. Whenever a host fails to send the requested data due to crashes, host failure occurs. Application Failure. Cloud applications are the software codes that run on cloud. Whenever bugs develop in the codes, application fails to fulfil its intended objective. The errors caused due to this leads to Application Failure. # cloud endure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies. Fault Tolerance Strategies in Cloud Computing are of two types, namely, Proactive, and Reactive. Proactive Fault Tolerance Strategies are those techniques which help in anticipating faults and provides preventive measures to avoid the occurrence of faults.   Here, the faulty components in the system are identified and replaced with operational ones. Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies, are the techniques used to effectively troubleshoot a system upon occurrence of failure(s). Various reactive fault tolerance strategies are discussed below. 3.1 Checkpointing. In Checkpointing, the system state is saved and stored in the form of checkpoints. This taking is both preventive and reactive. Whenever a system fails, it rolls back to the most recent checkpoint. This is a popular fault tolerance technique and placing the checkpoints at appropriate intervals is very important. Full Checkpointing. Complete state of the application in saved and stored at regular intervals. The drawback of full checkpointing is that it needs a lot of time to save and requires huge chunk of storage-space to save the state. Incremental Checkpointing. This is an improvement over the full checkpointing. This method performs full checkpointing initially and thereafter only the modified pages of information from the previous checkpoint are stored. This is much faster and reliable than full checkpointing. Optimized Checkpoint/Restart. The crux of checkpointing lies in how we space our checkpoints. Good number of checkpoints ensure that the application is resilient to failure. However, this comes at the cost of time, space, and causes a lot of overhead. On the other hand, having less number of checkpoints makes our application vulnerable to faults thereby causing failure. It has been seen that cloud tasks are typically smaller than the grid jobs and hence more time sensitive to the checkpointing/restart cost.? Also, characterizing the failures in the cloud tasks using a failure probability distribution function will be inaccurate as the task lengths in cloud tasks depend on the user priority too.? This technique aims at bettering the performance of Checkpointing technique in threefold approach. Firstly, optimize the number of checkpoints for each task. Secondly, as the priority of the task may change during its execution, a dynamic mechanism must be designed to tune the optimal solution in the first step. Thirdly, find a proper tradeoff between local disks and shared disks to store the checkpoints.   The optimal number of checkpoints is calculated by evenly spreading the checkpoints during the execution of the task. The calculation is done without modelling the failures using a failure probability distribution function. A key observation that we make during the execution of cloud tasks is the tasks with higher priority have longer uninterrupted execution lengths in comparison with low-priority tasks. Hence the solution needs to be more adaptive considering the priority of the tasks. Mere equal spacing of the checkpoints will not do in this case. If the priority of the task remains unchanged the Mean Number of Failures(MNOF) remains the same. The position of the next checkpoint needs to be recalculated and its position needs to be changed if the priority factor that influences the MNOF changes during the execution of the task. Lastly, the problem of where to store the checkpoints is addresse d. The checkpointing costs for both local disks and shared disk is calculated and then based upon the costs an efficient choice is made. It is noticed that, as the memory size of the tasks increase, the checkpointing costs also increase. Also, when multiple checkpointing is done, in the local disks, there is no significant increase in the costs, but owing to congestion, there is a significant rise in checkpointing costs. Hence, a distributively-managed algorithm is designed to mitigate the bottleneck problem and lower the checkpointing costs. 3.2 Retry. Simplest of all the fault tolerance techniques. The task is restarted on the same resource upon occurrence of the problem. The underlying assumption behind this approach is that during the subsequent attempts, the problem will not show up.? 3.3 Task Resubmission. A job consists of several small tasks. When one of the tasks is failed, the entire job gets affected. In this technique, the failed task is resubmitted either to the same resource or a different one to finish the execution of the task. 3.4 Replication. Running the same task on several machines which are different locations. This is done to ensure that when a machine fails, the process of task execution is not halted as the other machine takes it up. Replication is further categorized as follows. Semi-active Replication. The input is provided to all the replica machines. The task execution simultaneously goes on in the primary replica as well as the backup replica. However, the primary replica only provides the output. When the primary replica goes down, the backup replica provides output.   This technique uses a lot of network resources as the task is running in simultaneously in all the replicas. VMware uses Semi-active replication Fault Tolerance Strategy. [4.] Semi-passive Replication. This technique has a flavor of checkpointing in addition to replication. The main replica performs the checkpointing operation over the state information. Replication is done by transferring this checkpoint information to all the backup replicas. The backup machines dont have to concurrently execute the task with the primary replica, but its duty is to save the latest checkpoint information. When the primary replica fails, it designates the backup replica to takeover. The checkpoint information is updated with some loss in the execution. This technique uses lesser network resources than the semi-active replication but there is a tradeoff as some of the execution. Also, in this case, whenever the backup fails, the latency is more as the time taken for recovery and reconfiguration when compared with semi-active replication. [ref 3] Passive Replication. The state information is stored in the form of checkpoints in a dedicated backup machine. When the backup fails, the Fault Tolerance Manager, commissions another machine to be the backup. The backup is updated by restoring the last saved checkpoint. The fault tolerance manager uses a priority based scheme while appointing new backups. 3.5 Job Migration. When a task fails in one of the machine, it can be transferred to another virtual machine. Sometimes, if a task in a job cannot be executed due computational and memory constraints, the task is given to another machine to execute. 3.6 Rescue Workflow. A cloud job consists of several small tasks. Upon failure of a task, this method continues the execution of the other tasks. The overall workflow is stopped only when the failure of the task impacts the entire job. [rescue workflow] 4. Comparative Summary of the Reactive Fault Tolerance Strategies. Checkpointing: This technique effectively detects Application Failure. This technique is used when the application size or the task size is too big. Moreover, checkpointing provides efficient resource utilization. Retry: If the problem persists beyond multiple tries, this method is time inefficient. This is used to detect Host failure and Network failure. Task Resubmission: As the job is tried on the same or different resource, this technique is both time consuming and has more resource utilization. This detects Node Failure and Application Failure. Replication: This technique detects Node Failure and Process Failure. As the task is run on various machines, we see more resource utilization here. Job Migration: This technique detects Node and Process failures. This method is time efficient as the task which cannot be executed in a machine is transferred to another. Rescue-Workflow: This method detects Node failure and Application failure. This is a time-inefficient technique.

Value of Communication Skills in the Workplace

The value of communication in the workplace is important. Employers should make employees aware of what Is happening within the workplace. Organizing meetings regularly would help to keep a strong flow of communication and a positive attitude toward the company and each other. Enhance Workplace Communication at 24-Hour Operations (2011) is confident that communication can be improved by keeping logs.Using electronic or paper logs would help to point out unwanted problems and correct them as soon as possible. Technology today has changed our world drastically. According to Tensions (2011) managers who have good communication skills help to create a good working atmosphere. Communication today Is mostly made up of testing, emails, and social media leaving face-to-face communication a thing of the past. Technology regarding personal communication should only be used as a quick fix solution providing face- to-face communication is not available at the current time.According to Hungry ND Kooky (201 1 ) face-to-face communication and computer-mediated communication differ when group performance Is Involved. The effects of face-to-face communication proves to have a more positive outcome workplace usually does not happen unless a serious problem has occurred and immediate attention is needed. Brown, Owens, and Bradley (2013) felt cancer patients that are able to continue working need to know how to properly address their employer concerning benefits.The fact that people should be trained on how to properly communicate is surprising because face-to-face communication allows en to be able to clearly express themselves in an understanding way. Many mistakes have occurred due to the lack of direct communication. Most people especially some older ones have no idea how to communicate using different methods of communication other than face-to-face communication. Making face-to- face communication a priority in the workplace is important and should be used as much as possibl e. The lack of effective communication in the workplace can sometimes create negative outcomes.Enhance Workplace Communication at 24- Hour Operations (2011) advised workers can be vulnerable to communication reawaken in the workplace due to fatigue, shift changes, and long breaks built into the schedule. When comparing face-to-face communication to all other forms of communication the outcome is usually all other meaning testing, social media, email, and fax. Using face-to-face communication gives each person the opportunity to ask questions by speaking instead of typing. The majority of the population that use technology methods of communication have no idea of the value of face-to-face communication.Management should Join forces to make sure all future plans to communicate in the oracle is done by direct contact instead of technology based contact. Timing (2011) suggest that promoting good communication in a clinical setting will ensure competence in a range of skills. Mangers sho uld ensure staff members are skilled and effective communicators. Many forms of communicating in the workplace should be readily available to each employee. With the way communication has changed managers can deliver important information to employees without speaking to them directly.Managers are the first point of contact for the employee but, some managers are not always available to communicate erectly with their teams. So, in this case indirect communication is acceptable as long as it is easily understood. According to Wallace, Durance, Helmut, and Marcia (2012) communication in the workplace is important in all kinds of industries. Communication is a critical part of our world so everyone must be able to communicate in some way in order to keep things moving in the right direction. Without some form of communication everyone would have to guess which way is right and which way is wrong.Unfortunately in some cases the flow of communication is lacking in many ways and because o f it errors and sometimes tragedies can occur. Wallace et al. (2012) presented different forms of communication starting with Relationship and Interpersonal Communication. This form of communication skills deals with individuals initiating, maintaining, or disengaging from two types of work- related relationships: inter- organizational collegial friendships and internships as well as all other outside sources affiliated with the workplace.Wallace et al. (2012) also introduced another form of communication called online participation. Mediated communication, represents the willingness and the ability to participate in online training. Using social networking is a form of communication that is questionable at times due to privacy issues involved. A company has to make sure they are equipped with strong security measures for any online activity due to company interaction. Intercrop communication is a form of communication introduced by Wallace et al. 2012) that focus on communication w ithin and across groups and how it affects social relations among members of each group. One important part of this group focused on concerns of older more experienced workers being managed by young least experienced workers. This form of communication is good for employees because the young managers being mentored by the older workers will keep a good flow of communication within the workplace. Because of the efforts presented by older employees training should have a positive effect due to their knowledge.Speaking and listening as explained by Wallace et al. (2012) is a good example. Listening is important and so is speaking because the listener have to be able to clearly understand the speaker. The speaker should make sure he/she is speaking clearly and at a tone where the listener is not offended, threatened, or afraid to spoon or ask questions if needed. Management should work hard to make sure a positive attitude is displayed at all times while Interacting with employers. Alth ough body language does not make any noise it still is a part of communication.Employees will sometimes feed off of whatever energy they get from the employer. Bad communication could have a negative impact for production and cause negative attitudes within the workplace. Good communication between employers and employees will have a positive impact in the workplace. The outcome of the study done by Wallace et al. (2012), describes speaking and existing as being the least effective. Companies affiliated with the sale of products would benefit more by having their potential customers use the internet for display and colorful presentations.While this way of communication may work for some it may not work for all. The computer and the internet are not the best ways to communicate for everyone. Some young and old would rather not deal with the process of getting on the internet and looking for information. Other forms of communication which are looked upon as non-verbal communication ar e not mentioned nearly as much as other forms of communication when the subject of immunization is presented. Eyes, hands, facial, and body language, these forms of communication are among the oldest ways of communicating and are still effective.If a person is speaking with another person and one of them rolls their eyes, or throw their hands this form of communication is looked upon as being dissatisfied, rude, or unhappy with what is being said or done at the current time. A smile, smirk, grin, or a face without a smile all says something is either pleasant or unpleasant. Although these forms of communication are not talked about they are still being used. Smiley faces etc. Re available to attach to text or email to express what mood a person is in at the particular moment.Sometimes if we stop, look, and listen closely, we could possibly stop a tragedy before it occurs because non-verbal communication can be as effective as any other form of communication. Timing employees. So usi ng good communication provides employees informal support and leadership. Managers have to be able to solve conflicts and settle disagreements without taking sides. Because of this the method of communication used by a manager could possibly make a difference in the outcome.Managers who have excellent communication skills create good working atmospheres that ultimately improve confidence, motivation, and morale in the workplace. When managers communicate with employees they are expected to demonstrate a high level of professionalism. Because managers are looked upon as role models to their employees they have to be able to effectively deal with many situations calmly. A plus for providing good communication skills in the workplace would be for all companies to have company meetings regularly.Managers are usually scheduled for tenting or other work related activities making them less available to answer questions or provide help or advice to employees. A plan to appoint a person or p ersons to become team leaders or assistants would also be a plus for providing good communication in the workplace. According to Ghana and Venerates (2013) the IS research contributed to the understanding of technology and communication in the workplace shows how it could affect Job performance. The outcome regarding the use of online and offline networks shows offline networks were a better option for having good and effective bob performance.So, when looking into additional help with management duties the chosen one should be well trained and knowledgeable about the department. This person should have immediate access to the department manager if needed. By providing the extra person to assist in the department the communication flow will still continue. The majority of the population that use technology methods of communication have no idea of the importance of face-to-face communication. The convenience of using technology communication has wiped out any chance of ever getting b ack the best way to communicate.Some companies provide technology communication to upper management making sure they are able to communicate with them as needed but, since technology tend to fail at times this may not be the best way to go. Since the internet will go down at times making testing, emails, or social media unavailable face-to-face communication is still the best way to go. If all else fail a designated office filled with kiosk for employees would be a good idea for communicating by way of face time this would allow for face-to-face communication and one on one time with management if needed.

How Sports Has Changed My Life - 1036 Words

Hi, I’m Meggan. I’m a freshman at Minot State and majoring in Elementary education. I brought some things in today to tell you a little bit more about myself. But first I’m going to tell you why I decided to carry them in this bag. I chose to carry my items in this duffle bag because I and many others use a duffle bag when you re in a sport. Sports have always been a huge factor in my life and in my family. Close to everyone in my family has played a sport and we all watch them too. We are anywhere from basketball to baseball fans and everything in between. A very close family friend of ours, Gary Cederstom, is a professional umpire so, we’ve been to a multiple MLB games as well as an All Star Game where he was the crew chief calling the balls and strikes behind the plate. I myself played softball and volleyball in high school as well as golfing every once in a while with my grandpa. 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Birth Control Essay - 1886 Words

Throughout this paper I will be talking about birth control and the deep history that has followed birth control throughout the years. There have been many ups and downs as birth control made its debut on the market. Birth control, also known as contraception is a specific device or method that is used to lessen and prevent the chance of pregnancy. People often refer to it as contraceptive because that is the role of the many birth control methods and what they are suppose to do; they work to prevent sperm and egg from uniting to form a fertilized embryo. Birth control is the control of fertility, or the prevention of pregnancy, through one of several methods. People do not often realize how far back in history, birth control has been†¦show more content†¦During this period Sanger spent the majority of her time advocating for birth control that it would prevent women from unsafe abortions, but during her lifetime, things changed somewhat and she began to campaign for birth c ontrol being able to reduce physical and mental defects. Sager was specifically known for her active work in the United States, but by the 1930s she had an international reputation. Over the years there have been many methods tested by men and women to prevent pregnancy. Women relied on abstinence and withdrawal, which were not always successful before modern methods of birth control were created. It all began around 3000 B.C. condoms were created and they were made from raw materials such as animal intestines and fish bladders. 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Birth Control has been a concern for humans for thousands of years. The first contraception devices were mechanical barriers in the vagina that prevented the male sperm from fertilizing the female egg. Other methods of birth control that were used in the vagina were sea sponges, mixtures of crocodile dung and honey, quinine, rock salt and alum. Birth Control was of interest for a long time, butRead MoreEssay On Birth Control1108 Words   |  5 PagesBirth control is a form of contraception that helps control fertility and allows women to decide whether they would like to have a baby or not. The product was first introduced by Margaret Sanger in 1914 she coined the term â€Å"birth control† and opened a clinic in Brownsville, Brooklynn, making it what we now know today as Planned Parenthood. There are many forms of birth control such as the implant, shot, pills, IUD, condoms, and many more metho ds. They help with regulating period flow, acne, weightRead MoreEssay on Birth Control 1960 Words   |  8 Pagesfor Disease Control conducted a study on contraceptive use; their findings concluded â€Å"four out of five women have used birth control pills† during one point of their lives (Basset). Birth control pills have been around for over six decades, and their popularity has significantly increased during the past decade. Thousands of sexually-active women are turning to birth control pills as a way to prevent unplanned pregnancy, regulate periods, and to control acne. Nonetheless, birth control pills are syntheticRead MoreEssay On Birth Control1824 Words   |  8 Pagesto make birth control widely available so that women could limit the size of their families. She introduced the idea that birth control was vital to the well-being of women and their families. On the other hand, some people thought that it was an immoral affront to God. Birth control is important to th e achievement of womens rights. With the help of Margaret Sanger and her leadership skills, birth control is used to demonstrate female rights, control family sizes, and prevent the births of unwantedRead MoreBirth Control and the Government Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesparticular point of debate is the topic of birth control and the government. A dangerous couple, it raises the question of who should have control over contraceptive laws and what controls involving them should be put in place? Currently, under the Obama Administration, the Affordable Care Act and â€Å"Obamacare† have been created. One of the sections of this new plan creates a mandate which requires private businesses to provide insurance that covers birth control costs. The government should not be ableRead MoreBirth Control Rights Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesArguing Birth Control Rights: Should Women have the Right to Birth Control? Birth control helps to control your menstrual cycle and helps prevent pregnancies all over the world, in women lives. 98% women in the world are taking birth control or have taken birth control throughout their life time. On October 6, 2017 Trump Administration released a new rule stating that any employer with religious or moral objections to refuse to comply with the Affordable Care Act requirement. The corresponding ruleRead MoreThe Birth Control Movement Essay example1442 Words   |  6 Pagesunregulated policies, the most prominent of these, the birth control movement. The documents from chapter six of Constructing the American Past show that at its core, the birth control debate was a multifaceted social dispute with, religious political and racial influences. Margaret Sanger’s monthly publication The Woman Rebel released its first issue in 1914, creating a nationwide dispute concerning the publication and distribution of birth control devices. However, Sanger’s initial goal went beyondRead MoreBirth Control Persuasive Essay1446 Words   |  6 Pagesmessage is sent through regulation and poor modifications to progressive mandates such as Trump’s recent adjustments to the Affordable Care Act. These ‘adjustments’ or ‘new rules’ intend to provide an ‘out’ for employers who object to providing birth control coverage through their insurance policies. Employers now have the right to deny this coverage due to moral and/or religious reasons, but no documentation of this is required to opt out. This simple rule puts approximately 55 million women, currently